Education means: learning, teaching or the process of acquiring skills or behavior modification through various exercises. Traditionally, medical education meant the oral, practical and more passive transferring of knowledge and skills from the educators to students and health professionals. Today the importance of focus on educational quality, particularly in the professions operating in the services required by people is agreed by all involved. The higher educational system shoulders some critical responsibilities in the economic, social, cultural and educational development and growth in the communities. In countries that are in transition it is in charge of educating professional human workforce in every field and if the education is optimal in terms of quality, it is capable of carrying out its responsibilities. It is reason why there is the necessity behind discovering some strategies to uplift the quality of education, especially at university level.. By increasing the courses and establishing universities and higher education centers, the countries around the world have generated more opportunities for learning, especially using modern information technologies. Regarding to evaluating different educational services quality, one of the most important measures should be the way to develop programs to promote quality and also due to the shortage of resources, evaluating the services quality enables the management to allocate the limited financial resources for realization whole educational process. Advances in medicine in recent decades are in significant correlation with the advances in the new models and concepts of medical education supported by information technologies. Modern information technologies have enabled faster, more reliable and comprehensive data collection. These technologies have started to create a large number of irrelevant information, which represents a limiting factor and a real growing gap, between the medical knowledge on one hand, and the ability of students and physicians to follow its growth on the other. Furthermore, in our environment, the term technology is generally reserved for its technical component. This terminology essentially means not only the purchase of the computer and related equipment, but also the technological foresight and technological progress, which are defined as specific combination of fundamental scientific, research and development work that gives a concrete result. The quality of the teaching-learning process at the universities in former Yugoslav countries and abroad, depends mainly of infrastructure that includes an optimal teaching space, personnel and equipment, in accordance with existing standards and norms at the cantonal or entity level, which are required to implement adequately the educational curriculum for students from first to sixth year by Bologna studying concept. For all of this it is necessary to ensure adequate funding. Technologies (medical and information, including communications) have a special role and value in ensuring the quality of medical education at universities and their organizational units (faculties). “Splitska inicijativa” project, which started 6 years ago as simple intention to exchange experiences of application new model of education, based on: Bologna studying concept, and other types of under and postgraduate education, was good idea to improve also theory and practice of it within Family medicine as academic and scientific discipline. This year scope of our scientific meeting held in Sarajevo on 24th and 25th March 2017, was quality assessment of theoretical and practical education and, also, evaluation of knowledge by students exams (a-y).

Referring to the current research and expertise of the world’s leading experts in the fields of public, global, physical and social health - in both developed and underdeveloped nations, the book: GLOBAL POPULATION HEALTH AND WELL-BEING IN THE 21st CENTURY; presents evidence-based review of the challenges that face the global population of the 21st century in the field of health and wellbeing. The history of modern Homo sapiens - us! –is short, although this our small and fragile planet exists and existed for billions of years, and the universe is even older and is constantly expanding. History of scientific approach for caring of the sick is precisely determined. Going back in history, it is interesting to know that just from some 70 years ago, we can treat infections by effective drugs, antibiotics...

John Anderson, MD, MA BSc, MRCP, FRCP, was professor of medicine at King’s College Hospital Medical School. He was essentially an innovator and pioneered developments in metabolic medicine, medical education and medical computing (1-3).

Introduction: Patients with cerebral palsy (CP), besides the basic neurological damage, are also often undernourished. Adequate nutrition for children is very important during the period of intensive growth and development, which is of particular importance in patients with CP. Goal: To evaluate the nutritional status of patients with CP who are treated at the Pediatric Clinic, Clinical Centre of Sarajevo University and causes of malnutrition in these patients. Materials and Methods: Eighty patients with CP underwent anthropometric assessment (body weight, body height, body mass index, head circumference, subscapular skinfold thickness, triceps skinfold thickness and mid upper arm muscle circumference). Severity of CP was classified based on the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). We compared the anthropometric parameters of our patients with normal values of healthy children, as well as with degree of motor impairment, oromotor dysfunction, feeding assistance, length of meals and daily feeding time. Results: There were significant differences in all monitored parameters in relation to normal values, with 38 (47.5%) malnourished patients in the total group, out of which 29 (63.0%) with severe motor impairment and with 9 (11.3%) obese patients in the total group. The presence of oromotor dysfunction and other monitored parameters had a significant impact on the nutritional status of these patients. Conclusion: In severely disabled patients with CP there is a risk of profound malnutrition. Early identification and treatment of these patients is very important for their growth, development and health.

Summary Background: Good glycoregulation at patients with diabetes mellitus is essential for prevention of many complications, including those in oral cavity. Results of numerous studies indicate that xerostomia and neurosensory oral disorders are present in type 2 diabetics. A review of the literature shows contradictory results about prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in diabetics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of xerostomia, neurosensory disorders and mucosal lesions in oral cavity of type 2 diabetics. Material and Methods: This study involved 90 adults, 60 with type 2 diabetes and 30 healthy subjects, aged 45-65 years. With regard to value of HbA1c level diabetics were divided into two groups: 30 subjects with satisfactory glycoregulation (HbA1c<9%) and 30 subjects with poor glycoregulation (HbA1c≥9%). All patients recruited into the study completed a questionnaire that included their demographic, medical and oral health data. Clinical examination of the oral mucosa was performed by a single examiner. Results: In relation to the presence of xerostomia and dysgeusia between satisfactory controlled diabetics and healthy subjects a significant difference was observed (p<0.05). Compared with healthy subjects, poor controlled diabetics had significantly higher presence of xerostomia (p<0.001) and neurosensory disoders (p<0.05). A higher prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was found in poor controlled diabetics, but significant difference between groups was not observed (p>0.05). A significant positive correlation was revealed between smoking and glossodynia as well as smoking and glossopyrosis (p>0.05). Conclusion: Glycemic control level seems to influence the susceptibility of type 2 diabetics to xerostomia and neurosensory disorders. Less clear is whether diabetes are corellated to oral mucosal lesions.

Summary Introduction Local therapy of denture stomatitis (DS) associated with Candida species fungi infection usually involves the application of nystatin and miconazole. Due to the fact that these drugs may be less efficient against biofilm and possible resistance development, a new approach in the treatment includes the use of antiseptic agents. The aim of the study was to compare clinical and microbiological therapeutic outcomes of antiseptic solution Listerine® and Daktanol® antifungal oral gel in the treatment of DS associated with Candida species fungi. Material and Methods The study included 30 patients affected by DS, divided into the two treatment groups, control group (n=15) treated by Daktanol® gel and experimental group (n=15) treated by the antiseptic solution Listerine®. Successful treatment was evaluated based on palatal mucosa inflammation reduction classified according to the Newton classification and the difference in the number of fungal colony- forming units (CFU) isolated by smears before and after the treatment that lasted 14 days. Results Reduction in inflammation intensity and fungal CFU number on palatal mucosa (p<0,01) as well as on denture base (p<0,01) were observed in both groups of subjects after the treatment. Conclusion Antiseptic solution Listerine® and Daktanol® antifungal gel both reduced palatal mucosal inflammation and CFU number of fungi in mouth without significant differences among them. CFU number of fungi isolated from denture base was significantly lower after the treatment with Listerine® (p<0.05).

The OG and WC represent the crown of each athlete’s career, so it is the same with gymnasts. The aims of this study it was investigate the historical analysis of the chronological age trend of all participants of men’s artistic gymnastics who have won medals in the period between 1896 and 2016 has been made. The examinees were gymnasts who had won medals at the following competitions: Olympic Games (OG) from 1896 to 2016 (n=1177) and World Championships (WC) from 1903 to 2015 (n=1651). The oldest gymnasts are on the Rings with an average age on (OG: M = 26.48, SD = 3.85) and (WC: M = 40.23, SD = 3.50) years old, and the youngest in the same are contestants (OG: Floor = 23.09, SD = 3.88) and (WC: M = 7.86 SD = 4.02). The results of independent t test were significant difference between OG and WC on Pommel horse (PH), Rings (RI), Paralell bars (PB), All-around individual (AAI) first place and Paralell bars (PB) first place. Changes in the General Rules and Code of Points by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique after 1997 years the trend is a significant change only on WC but not on OG. Since artistic gymnastics becomes each Olympic cycle over more demanding in terms of complexity and difficulty value of the elements, it is expected fact that gymnasts need more time to acquire stability, experience and safety when performing such complex exercises in future.

Objective: To investigate possible prognostic values of CD4+, CD8+ T-lymphocytes, CD4/CD8 ratio to clinical course of chickenpox in immunocompetent hosts. Materials and methods: We performed a prospective study which included 69 immunocompetent patients with chickenpox who were addmited to Clinic for infectious disease, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, in a 18 month period. All patients were divided into two groups depending on clinical presentation on admission. Patients with mild clinical form were dedicated to „outpatient” group, and patients with moderate, severe or life-threatening clinical forms were dedicated to „hospitalized” group. Also 30 healthy volunteers are included in study as a control group. We analyzed values of CD4+, CD8+ percentage, CD4/CD8 ratio with comparison to clinical course of chickenpox. All specimens were taken in acute phase of illness. Results: Values of CD4+ percentage were significantly declined in a group of hospitalized patients, compared to group of outpatients and control group. Values of CD8+ percentage were higher in a group of hospitalized patients, while CD4/CD8 values were lower in comparison to a group of outpatients and control group. Conclusion: We found significant correlation between these parameters and clinical course of chickenpox.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a implantacao das acoes do Programa de Controle da Esquistossomose (PCE) em tres municipios da Mata Sul de Pernambuco. Trata-se de uma avaliacao normativa, com a realizacao de entrevistas semiestruturadas com profissionais da vigilância em saude e da atencao basica. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que os municipios estudados obtiveram o grau nao implantado. Como pontos criticos, observaram-se deficiencias na gestao e na execucao de acoes de educacao em saude. Porem, e importante ressaltar que, nos tres municipios avaliados, foi possivel constatar um envolvimento relevante da atencao basica nas acoes do PCE.