Despite being known for 5000 years, after the records of imperial Chinese doctors, cannabinoids as a subject of scientific research experienced its rise after 1964, when delta nine tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 THC) by Israeli scientists was identified. This was followed by the discovery of endogenous ligand / endocannabinoids, as well as receptors CB1 and CB2. In a broader sense, endocannabinoids act as neuromodulators and immunomodulators. They are included in the various physiological processes such as: the occurrence of pain, cognition, memory formation and neuroplasticity, physical activity, respiratory processes, appetite regulation, control and heart rate, nausea and emesis, intraocular pressure, inflammatory and immune processes (antigen recognition).

Introduction: An incarceration of inguinal hernia is a life-threatening condition and represents the most frequent complication, particularly in the elderly patients. It may compromise vascularisation of the contents of the hernia. A surgical treatment of the incarcerated inguinal hernia represents one of the most frequent surgical interventions in elderly patients and it grows proportionally with the age. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study is to investigate some of the factors that may have an impact on the incarcerated inguinal hernias surgical treatment outcome in elderly patients. Patients and Methods: The study included 149 patients classified in two groups: the study group (> 60 years of age), which included 96 patients, and the control group (≤ 60 years of age) , which included 53 patients, treated in the period from January 1st, 2012 to December 31st, 2016 at the Clinic of General and Abdominal Surgery UCC RS Banja Luka. Results: Most of the patients had right inguinal hernia (51.16% in the study group, 60.37% in the control group). 82 patients (85.41%) of the study group suffered from some of the accompanying chronic diseases, opposite to 20 patients (37.73%) of the control group. Polypropylene mesh was implanted in 105 (70.47%) patients, while the tension technique was performed in 44 (29.53%) patients. The duration of incarceration longer than 24 h (p=0.015), previous abdominal surgery (p=0.001), the American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status classification system (ASA classification) (p=0.033) and the presence of chronic diseases (p=0.01) appeared to be statistically significant risk factors for performing intestinal resection in the study group, while in the control group, they represented risk factors, but not at the level of statistical significance (p > 0.05), except for the duration of incarceration (p=0.007). A higher ASA stage (p=0.001), is the most important risk factor for lethal outcome in both groups of patients. Conclusion: Incarcerated inguinal hernia is a very serious and demanding surgical problem, particularly in elderly patients. A higher ASA score and the presence of bowel resection are the most important risk factors related to very difficult complications.

Objective ? The aim of the research was to show the occurrence and persistence of measles morbidity over a twenty year period in the area of the Central Bosnia Canton (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Materials and methods ? The research was retrospective and related to the period from 1997 to 2017. The sample comprised a total of 35,199 children. The subjects were considered in relation to their age, gender, place of residence, vaccination status and time of morbidity. Results ? In the period from 1997 to 2017, on average 36 cases of morbidity  caused by measles occurred each year. Most years in this period (13) did not have any registered cases of measles, and in five years the disease occurred sporadically: 1999 (three cases); 2000 (one); 2003 (one); 2005 (two); 2009 (one), and two epidemics occurred: in 1997, with 77 affected children and with an incidence rate in the population under consideration of 218/100,000; and in 2014 with an explosion of measles morbidity, when 639 affected children were registered (1815/100,000). The average coverage with the first dose of MMR vaccine over the last twenty years was 87%, and the poorest results were achieved in 2004, with 64%. Conclusion ? The epidemiological occurrence of measles in the area of four municipalities in central Bosnia is the result of omissions in the routine immunization programme.

Objective – The aim of the paper is to describe the complexity of pertussis-like syndrome in primary health care practice, and to highlight consequences of vaccine hesitancy. Case reports – We described five cases of pertussis-like syndrome in pediatric practice. Patients were unvaccinated or not fully vaccinated against pertussis due to parental refusal. There was intrafamilial and interfamilial spread of infection. Conclusion – Evaluation and treatment of pertussis-like syndrome remain challenging in primary health care practice. Dealing with vaccine hesitancy requires an adequate understanding and answer. Vaccine refusal increases the individual risk of disease but also increases the risk for outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases.

Objective – The aim of this paper is to present the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of a measles outbreak in children age 0-18 years, who were hospitalized at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases of the University Clinical Center, Tuzla in the 2014/2015 period. Patients and methods – The target population of this retrospective study were patients in the 0-18 year age group, who were hospitalized at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases during the measles outbreak in 2014/2015. Results – At the Clinic for Infectious Diseases in Tuzla, 341 patients with the clinical characteristics of measles were hospitalized during the period of the measles outbreak in 2014/2015. Of all hospitalized patients 74.7% (255/341) belonged to the age group from 0 to 18 years. Most of hospitalized children, 146 (57.2%) of them, were in the age group from 0 to 6 years, next was the group of children aged 11 to 18 years, 69 (27.1%) of them, followed by the group of children aged from 6 to 10 years, 40 (15.7%) of them. Complications were present in 176 (69.02%) of the hospitalized children. Among the hospitalized children suffering from measles, 92.5% were unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated, or their vaccination status was unknown. Conclusion – The youngest population is susceptible to a much higher risk of measles. To reduce the incidence of measles in children a high level of immunization is required.

Objective – The aim of this study is to summarize the epidemiology of vaccine preventable diseases in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1996 to 2015, and assess the impact of immunization. Methods – The analyses presented in this paper are based on the data collected by the Institute for Public Health of the Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina or by reviews of historical data. Results – Data suggests clear evidence of the reduction of burden of vaccine-preventable diseases after introduction of vaccines in the immunization program. Diphtheria and poliomyelitis have been eliminated, and tetanus and pertussis have been significantly reduced. Since the target of 95% vaccination coverage against measles, mumps and rubella was not achieved and the number of susceptible individuals’ increased, infectious agents still circulates and delayed outbreaks occur. Conclusion – Despite impressive achievements in vaccine-preventable diseases control, continued trust and investments in the immunization program in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina are essential.

Cooperative learning is a modern teaching strategy in which team work and cooperation become the most important activities of the entire teaching process. The quality of interaction between students and teacher, as main participants in teaching process, is important for successful application of cooperative learning. Beside faster and longer lasting knowledge acquiring, cooperative learning develops critical and creative thinking, communication and social skills and it strengthens self-confidence. Modern methods of teaching mathematics focus on didactical principle of conscious activity above other principles. This means students are major, active factors of mathematics teaching, and not only they participate in the process of teaching, but they also participate in the selection of methods of teaching. This enhances their motivation for work during classes. This means, what is learned through cooperative learning is better used in new situations, knowledge transfer is greater and new knowledge is acquired easier and lasts longer. Specific and abstract contents of mathematics lead to different ways of applying cooperative learning in this subject. That is why we chose this subject, i.e. to explore and point out the possibilities and ways of applying cooperative learning in mathematics.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to validate Bosnian translation of disease specific quality of life measure MSQoL-54 which is widely used in practice. Material and Methods: Previously translated and culturally adopted MSQoL-54 questionnaire used in this study has been provided and licensed by Optum Inc. The questionnaire was validated in 62 MS patients seen at Neurology clinic at University Clinical Center Sarajevo, during April 2016 until May 2016. Internal reliabilities of Bosnian version MSQoL-54 were assessed for multiple item scales by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Clinical validity was assessed comparing means of the two summary MSQoL-54 scores by the EDSS score. Pearson’s (r) correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between the composite scores and the main clinical and demographic variables. Results: Patients’ participation was satisfactory and all scales fulfilled the usual psychometric standards. Highly significant inverse relationship was found between both composite scores and clinical characteristics of the disease and the EDSS. The lowest internal consistency reliability is found on social function scale (0.743), overall quality of life (0.782) and pain (0.833). The highest internal consistency reliability is found on role limitations due to physical problems (0.959), physical health (0.962) and role limitations due to emotional problems (0.966). The mean value of MSQoL-54 PHC (Physical Health Composite) and MHC (Mental Health Composite) were 49.82±18.90 (36.05-61.38) 51.84±22.22 (34.93-70.20) respectively. Our study has shown that the Bosnian version of MSQoL-54 is easy to administer and well accepted by patients and may be useful as clinical outcome measures in patients with MS.

The future 5G wireless infrastructure will support any-to-any connectivity between densely deployed smart objects that form the emerging paradigm known as the Internet of Everything (IoE). Compared to traditional wireless networks that enable communication between devices using a single technology, 5G networks will need to support seamless connectivity between heterogeneous wireless objects and IoE networks. To tackle the complexity and versatility of future IoE networks, 5G will need to guarantee optimal usage of both spectrum and energy resources and further support technology-agnostic connectivity between objects. One way to realize this is to combine intelligent network control with adaptive software defined air interfaces. In this paper, a flexible and compact platform is proposed for on-the-fly composition of low-power adaptive air interfaces, based on hardware/software co-processing. Compared to traditional Software Defined Radio (SDR) systems that perform computationally-intensive signal processing algorithms in software, consume significantly power and have a large form factor, the proposed platform uses modern hybrid FPGA technology combined with novel ideas such as RF Network-on-Chip (RFNoC) and partial reconfiguration. The resulting system enables composition of reconfigurable air interfaces based on hardware/software co-processing on a single chip, allowing high processing throughput, at a smaller form factor and reduced power consumption.