Introduction: Until recently, gastric cancer represented the most common visceral neoplasm. In Japan, the prevalence of disease is 58.4 per 100,000 inhabitants for men and 29.9 for women. Here, the incidence is lower. Gastrectomy is the most common surgical method of treating carcinomas of the stomach. Aim of the Study: To determine which method of reconstruction after gastrectomy improves the quality of life optimally. Patients and Methods: We analyzed 221 patient operated on for gastric cancer at the Surgical Clinic of the University Clinical Center in Banja Luka, and the subject of a detailed analysis of the 111 patients who were operated with the intention of achieving curability. Results: Reflux esophagitis is dominant modality in reconstruction wth omega loop (p <0.05). Analyzing GIQLI, we found dominant modality GIQLI II in the total gastrectomy and reconstruction options RY, while predominantly GIQLI III was registered in HLR reservoir reconstruction method (p <0.01). And two hours after the ingestion of a meal labeled with a radioisotope Tc99m in artificial gastric reservoir (HLR) showed signs of radioactivity (about 10% amount). “H0 performance” (AJCC / UICC) was the most frequently recorded in subtotal gastrectomy, while there was significant appearance of “H1” and “H2” modalities with the total gastrectomy statistically. In RY reconstruction, statistically significant was participation modalities “H1”, while “H1” performance (AJCC / UICC) was the dominant modality at the HLR options reconstruction with statistically significant frequency of occurrence (p <0.01). Conclusion: The results of the assessment of quality of life are comparable with the results of other statistical series. They confirm antireflux component Roux en Y reconstructions and its intestinoplications and highlight the advantage of the nutritional components loop modifications (creation pouch-a).

Introduction: Testicular tumors account for approximately 1% of all malignancies in men, but the age of patients and its increasing incidence make this malignancy one of the leading oncological problems. In spite of the fact that the testicles are organs accessible for self-examination and the accessibility of ultrasound examination as the method of choice in diagnostics, these tumors are often detected in an advanced stage of the disease. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study is to evaluate the occurrence of advanced disease at the time of diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumors, through retrospective analysis. Patients and Methods: Our study examines patients with testicular germ cell tumor (seminomatous and non-seminomatous) according to numerous parameters - anamnesis with special emphasis on risk factors, clinical examination, laboratory analyses with tumor markers, and diagnostic imaging examinations (thorax, abdomen and pelvis CT scan). Before the specific treatment, spermiogram and semen cryopreservation were done for most patients, while in some cases additional diagnostics (MRI of the endocranium, skeletal scintigraphy) was indicated as well. Results: During the observation period, 132 patients with testicular germ cell tumor were treated and observed, of which 58 patients (44%) with seminomatous tumor type and 74 patients (56%) with non-seminomatous tumors. Of the total number of patients, at the time of disease diagnosis, there were 41 patients (31%) with N1- N3 status of retroperitoneal lymph nodes and 17 patients (12.8%) with M1a-M1b metastatic status. Conclusion: A large number of newly detected testicular tumors are diagnosed in an advanced stage of the disease. It is necessary to raise awareness of the general population about this malignancy, emphasise the importance of self-examination in younger men, and promote the possibility of routine ultrasound examinations with the aim of early detection of the disease.

The biosensors are based on the electrons movement, i.e. electronic current determination as a reaction of enzyme-catalyzed redox reaction. Generally a normal contact voltage passes through the electrodes to analyze. In the enzymatic reaction which produces the substrate or product can transfer the electrons with the surface of electrodes to be reduced. As a result an alternate current flow can be measured. The substrate concentration is directly proportional to the magnitude of the current. The reduction of oxygen is acquired through the oxygen electrodes and it is a simple way to from an amperometric biosensor (Figure 2). The example is the determination of glucose by glucose. The above description is about the first generation of amperometric biosensor and it has a direct transfer of electrons which are released from the electrodes are having some difficulties. The second generation amperometric biosensors are developed in a mediator takes the electrons and transfer to the electrodes.

Spontaneous spleen rupture rarely occurs, and is primarily present in patients with splenomegaly. This is a life-threatening condition that, without adequate surgical treatment, always ends lethally. The very etiology of spontaneous atriumatic spleen rupture is not known, but it can often be associated with neoplastic diseases, liver cirrhosis, and some infectious diseases. Diagnosis is made by non-invasive methods (findings of red blood cell elements, ultrasonography, computerized tomography of abdominal CT, magnetic resonance NMR). The therapy consists of laparotomy, evacuation of the haemorrhagic content and removal of the spleen. Surgical treatment is successful, and as a postoperative complication, bleeding may occur as a result of inadequate care of the laryngeal artery and vein, and short gastric blood vessels. Here we presented a 58- year- old male patient who, due to a marked abdominal pain, low blood pressure, and low blood cell counts, was taken to hospital and successfully surgically treated at the Clinic for General and Abdominal Surgery.

Rare diseases ('orphan diseases') (RDs) count for 5000-8000 diseases with low prevalence and most commonly of genetic origin. Although most of rare diseases are manifested in early childhood, many are diagnosed in adults, even in elderly. Common characteristics, such as severity, debilitating and life-threatening features, with the lack of a specific drugs, make the treatment of RD a significant public-health problem. Even though randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the most ideal design for evaluating new drugs, the aim of this review was to present the aggravating circumstances that development of so-called orphan drugs faces in context of RD. We searched the PubMed/Medline for publications on studies and ethics in RDs and applying of 'omics' technologies in analysing tissue samples at biobanks published between 2010 and 2017. In this review, we presented the most significant obstacles in conducting clinical trials in RD as well as main alternative clinical trial designs aiming to decrease the number of patients recruited with increased access to innovative medicines as many as possible. Furthermore, we have presented the possibility of accessing innovative drugs outside of clinical trials as well as ethics violations by the involvement of the subject in clinical trial. Modern technologies in molecular biology will enable the development of 'precision medicine' aimed at identifying the best therapeutic goal, depending on the genetic and epigenetic factors in the affected person. That is why RD biobanks have great significance in the preservation and distribution of tissue samples, in the research of diagnostic biomarkers and the drug development.

This study showed that chimney sweeps and creosote workers had lower DNA methylation of F2RL3 and AHRR, which is a risk factor for lung cancer. PAH exposure from soot and creosote oil likely play a role in this epigenetic modification.