Malawi is midway through its current Malaria Strategic Plan 2017–2022, which aims to reduce malaria incidence and deaths by at least 50% by 2022. Malariometric data are available with health surveillance data housed in District Health Information Software 2 (DHIS2) and household survey data from two recent Malaria Indicator Surveys (MIS) and a Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Strengths and weaknesses of the data were discussed during a consultative meeting in Lilongwe, Malawi in July 2019. The first 3 days included in-depth exploration and analysis of surveillance and survey data by 13 participants from the National Malaria Control Programme, district health offices, and partner organizations. Key indicators derived from both DHIS2 and MIS/DHS sources were analysed with three case studies, and presented to stakeholders on the fourth day of the meeting. Applications of the findings to programmatic decision-making and strategic plan evaluation were critiqued and discussed.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper was to analyze the distribution of stress and deformation on the mandibular first premolar under two types of loading (axial and para-axial load of 200 N) using the FEM computer method. MATERIALS AND METHOD For this research a µCT scan of the first mandibular premolar was used, and the method used in this research was FEM analysis under two types of loading. RESULTS The values of the von Mises stress measured in the cervical part of an intact tooth under axial load were up to 12 MPa, and under paraaxial load over 50 MPa. The values of the stress measured on the bottom of the noncarious lesion are very high ≈ 240 Mpa. Stress values in the cervical part of the intact tooth are higher in the zone of the sub-surface enamel. The deformation values of the tooth under para-axial loading were ≈ 10 times higher than the value of the deformation under axial load. The greatest deformations were seen in the area of the tooth crown. CONCLUSIONS Occlusal loading leads to significant stress in the cervical part of teeth. The values of the measured stress are greater under the action of paraxial load. The values of stress in abfraction lesions measured under a paraxial load are extremely high. Exposing the lesion to further stress will lead to its deepening. The total deformation of the entire tooth under paraxial load was ≈ 10 times higher compared to the deformation value of the tooth under axial load.

Ab s t r Ac t Introduction: Preeclampsia is the cause of increased morbidity in mothers, and mortality and morbidity of both mothers and fetuses and newborns. The pathological process is already complete when the symptoms occur, and nothing concrete can be done to stop the process. Early identification of women at risk of developing preeclampsia is a key goal of antenatal care. Alongside chemical tests, Doppler sonography of the uterine arteries plays a major role in the prediction of preeclampsia. Aims: To establish the probability of resistance to blood flow in the uterine arteries and the existence of notching in the control and test groups. Materials and methods: The study comprised 60 subjects in the second trimester of pregnancy who were going for check-ups during their pregnancy or had been hospitalized at the Maternity Clinic of Sarajevo UCC. All the subjects were divided into two groups, a control and a test group, in relation to the presence of pathological blood flow in the uterine arteries. As well as ultrasound results, the patients also provided an exhaustive history about their previous pregnancies, if any, and any relevant laboratory results. Results: A statistically significant difference was found in the average values of systolic and diastolic pressure during pregnancy between the control and the test group (p = 0.001). From an analysis of the resistance to blood flow in the uterine arteries in the control and test groups, we concluded that the flow on the side with the placenta and on the side without the placenta were physiological over five measurements in the control group of subjects. In the test group the largest number of cases of pathological flow were recorded, and there was also notching. Of the 21 subjects with a diagnosis of preeclampsia, there was notching in 10. Conclusion: Doppler sonography in the second trimester of pregnancy is a good prognostic marker for early discovery of preeclampsia.

Introduction: Preeclampsia is defined as hypertension (systolic pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic pressure ≥90 mmHg) after week 20 of gestation with one or more of the following symptoms: proteinuria, organ dysfunction (including renal, hepatologic, hematologic or neurological complications) and in case of stagnation of fetal development. So far, there are no valid clinical tools or tests that can tell with sufficient sensitivity and specificity in early pregnancy which pregnant woman will develop preeclampsia or have unwanted outcomes. Aim: To present the properties of biochemical parameter, uric acid, in patients with signs of preclampsia, which was confirmed by Doppler sonography. Methods: The study included 60 female subjects in the second trimester of pregnancy who were examined or were hospitalized at the Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. Pregnant women who had normal Doppler sonography scan of the uterine arteries in the second trimester of pregnancy were included in the control group, while pregnant women with pathologic Doppler sonographic findings in the second trimester of pregnancy were included in the group of pregnant women at risk of preeclampsia, i.e. the study group. Results: There is statistically significant difference between the average value of uric acid in the control and in the study group (213.36 ± 28.96 μmol / L vs 249.73 ± 47.06 μmol / L) (F = 12.991; p = 0.001). Applying the Wilcoxon non-parametric paired test to the average uric acid values during all measurements within the control group, no statistically significant difference was found. There was a statistically significant increase in the study group between all measurements, from 18.04 μmol / L between the first and second measurement (Z = -1.955; p = 0.043), 29.10 μmol / L between the second and third measurement (Z = -2.973; p = 0.003), 37.27 μmol / L between the third and fourth measurement (Z = -4.325; p = 0.001) and 109.87 μmol / L at the end of the study in comparison to values from the start of the study (Z = -4.309; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Uric acid values should become part of a broad biochemical range in screening and optimizing the treatment of patients diagnosed with early preeclampsia.

Introduction: Abdominal aortic aneurysm represents a local pathological dilatation of the abdominal aorta. It is caused by structural weakness of aortic wall but there are many other risk factors that may positively correlate with incidence of AAA like hypertension, smoking, male gender, older age, family history etc. Aim: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the correlation of atherosclerotic risk factors and the size of aortic aneurysm in patients that were admitted for the surgical treatment at the Clinic for cardiovascular surgery in Sarajevo during period 2016-2019. Methods: The study was designed as a retrospective study with one group of patients that was conducted at the Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo at the Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery. It included 150 patients, 126 males and 24 females, all of them with infrarenal localization of AAA. From medical records we have collected relevant anamnestic data (age, gender, positive family history, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity). The size of aneurysm was determined by both ultrasound and CT arteriography. The data are processed in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Ver. 22.0. The results are tabulated or graphically showed, and level of statistical significance was set at p <0.05. Results: Total amount of 129 of patients (86%) had hypertension, 57.3% (n=86) of them were smokers, 18.7% (n = 28) were former smokers, and 24% (n = 36) were non-smokers Blood lipid level analysis have shown that 44% (n = 66) of patients were normolipemic, while elevated blood lipid levels were found in 56% (n = 84) of patients. Diabetes mellitus was present in 17.3% (n = 26) of patients, 2.7% (n = 4) of them had an insulin-dependent form, while 14.7% (n = 22) of the analyzed patients had insulin independent DM. Almost half of total number of patients (46%, n = 69) were obese. 19.3% (n = 29) of patients consumed alcohol while the 80.7% (n = 121) denied alcohol consumption. Ratio of males in comparison to females was 5:1. The average age in males was 69.79 ± 8.16 years and 72.13 ± 9.11 years in females. Significant statistical correlation of AAA size and risk of atherosclerosis factor has not been established. We have found that there is a significant positive correlation between size of aneurysm and risk of rupture (p= 0,000<0,05). Conclusion: Although risk factors of atherosclerosis were present, statistically positive correlation was not confirmed between the size of AAA and analyzed risk factors.

This paper investigates the influence of the fuel injector nozzle geometry on the liquid fuel contraction coefficient and Reynolds number. The main three fuel injector nozzle geometry parameters: nozzle diameter (d), nozzle length (l) and nozzle inlet radius (r) have a strong influence on the liquid fuel contraction coefficient and Reynolds number. The variation of the nozzle geometry variables at different liquid fuel pressures, temperatures and injection rates was analyzed. The liquid fuel contraction coefficient and Reynolds number increase with an increase in the nozzle diameter, regardless of the fuel injection rate. An increase in the r/d ratio causes an increase in the fuel contraction coefficient, but the increase is not significant after r/d = 0.1. A nozzle length increase causes a decrease in the fuel contraction coefficient. Increase in the nozzle length of 0.5 mm causes an approximately similar decrease in the contraction coefficient at any fuel pressure and any nozzle length. Fuel injectors should operate with minimal possible nozzle lengths in order to obtain higher fuel contraction coefficients.

Introduction. Trichinellosis is a cosmopolitan anthropozoonosis, and is a group of systemic diseases caused by larval forms of Trichinella. This is one of the oldest and most controversial parasitic zoonoses that has been in the forefront of veterinary, medical and biological research for many years. Parasites from the genus Trichinella were diagnosed in more than one hundred species of domestic and wild mammals and birds. The aim of this study was economic evaluation of a program for monitoring and controlling Trichinella in pigs. Materials and Methods. A systematic pest rodent control program deemed suitable for monitoring and controlling Trichinella in pigs was implemented in a representative test zone. The results of the pest rodent control program were analyzed using cost-benefit analysis to determine if a similar program would be suitable for a larger land area. Results and Conclusions. Prior to pest control, the incidence of Trichinella in pigs living in the test zone increased annually, while after systematic pest rodent control, the incidence of Trichinella-positive pigs decreased. These results, as well as relevant economic indicators, enabled us to design two mathematical models describing the control and monitoring of Trichinella in a larger land area. In this area, Srem Region, Serbia, a suitable Trichinella control program in pigs is clearly justified because the profit to cost ratio was positive for both models.

Introduction: Cognitive impairment is common finding in individuals with PTSD. Dysfunctional metacognitions in variety of anxiety disorders can represent generic vulnerability for anxiety disorders, as well as elements that contribute to maintaining the disorder. There is little empirical information about metacognition in war veterans with PTSD, and its relation to cognitive and/or social, occupational and psychological functioning. Aim: to determine the values and reciprocal correlations of different aspects of metacognition, with cognitive and global functioning in outpatient war veterans with PTSD. Methods: The study was conducted on 25 war veterans (24 male), with confirmed diagnosis of PTSD by a trained psychiatrist, average age 48,5±6,2 (38-63) years, with average duration of symptoms of 9,9±4,7 (0,5-16) years. We used the Metacognitions questionnaire, Mini Mental Status Examination, and Global Assessment of Functioning Scale to assess metacognition, cognitive impairment, and global functioning. Median values of Metacognitions questionnaire subcomponents, Global Assessment of Functioning Scale and Mini Mental Status Examination were determined, and also reciprocal correlations of all parameters expressed with Spearman Rank Correlation. Results: 12 patients (48%) had impaired cognitive function. Significant negative correlation of score on Mini Mental Status Examination, and negative beliefs about worry is observed (r=-0,4278, p=0,034), as well as non significant correlations between rest of metacognition subscales and score on Mini Mental Status Examination. Cognitive self-consciousness showed high positive correlation with Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (r =0,7436, p<0,0001). Conclusion: Follow up of metacognitions, cognitive and global functioning, and its relations, may have an important role in assessment of war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Aim To explore the spatial and temporal expression patterns of DAB1 and Reelin in the developing and postnatal healthy human kidneys as potential determinants of kidney development. Methods Paraffin-embedded fetal kidney tissue between the 13/14th and 38th developmental weeks (dw) and postnatal tissue at 1.5 and 7 years were stained with DAB1 and Reelin antibodies by double immunofluorescence. Results During the fetal kidney development and postnatal period, DAB1 and Reelin showed specific spatial expression pattern and diverse fluorescence intensity. During the fetal period, DAB1 was strongly expressed in the distal convoluted tubules (DCT), with strong reactivity, and diversely in the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and glomeruli. In the postnatal period, DAB1 expression decreased. The strongest Reelin expression in early fetal stages was observed in the PCT. In the postnatal period, Reelin expression decreased dramatically in all observed structures. These two markers were colocalized during early developmental stages, mostly in PCT, DCT, and podocytes. Conclusion The appearance of DAB1 and Reelin during fetal kidney development confirms their potential significant role in the formation of kidney structure or function. High DAB1 expression in the DCT implies its regulatory role in tubular formation or function maintenance during development. Reelin was highly expressed in human kidneys at early fetal stages, mostly in the PCT, while at later fetal stages and postnatal period its expression decreased.

FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURE AS A RESULT OF INDIRECT TENSILE FORCES DURING EPILEPTIC SEIZURE IN PATIENT WITH JOUBERT SYNDROME CASE REPORT Jure Pupi -Bakra , Martin Kaji , Marko Ostoji , Anita Ivankovi , Nataša Pejanovi Škobi 4 & Ana Pupi -Bakra 5 Department of Emergency Medicine, University Clinical Hospital Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina Department of Surgery, University Clinical Hospital Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina Department of Orthopedics, University Clinical Hospital Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina Department of Neurology, University Clinical Hospital Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina Department of Family Medicine, Health Centre Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina

This paper provides an overview of the combined auxiliary cohorts that were settled at camp on Humac during the period of Principate (1-3 century). After the end of the Great Illyrian revolt (AD 6-9), some of the cohorts that participated in its suppression remained at this camp. Combined Hispanic cohorts (cohors I Lucensiumequitata and cohors I Bracaraugustanorum equitata) and cohors III Alpinorum equitata, that probably played a major role in the building of the camp on Humac, which served as a permanent base for Roman military forces, were among them. Cohors I Belgarum equitata took permanent garrison in the camp at the beginning of the 2nd century. Monuments left by this cohort serve as evidence about the increased participation of local young men in the Roman auxiliary troops, while officers originated from the western parts of the Empire. Also, we discussed the monuments of cohors VIII voluntariorum civium Romanorum in the Ljubuški area, which has not yet been determined with certainty as cohorts equitatae. We dedicated special attention to the issue of marriage between local girls and Roman auxiliary soldiers and officers that, in our opinion, wasn’t adequately treated in current literature. In connection with this, the case of Iulia B, the wife of decurion Flavius Aurelianus, is particularly interesting. She served as an example of Romanization, or how local girls married auxiliaries which were settled in the camp on Humac. Through careful analysis of epigraphic records with their names, we found that previous interpretations of these monuments are not scientifically justified, and that Iulia B[---] is probably from Pannonia, as well as her husband.

BackgroundGlobal mental health is a widely used term describing initiatives in policies, research and practice to improve the mental health of people worldwide. It has been gaining momentum over the last 10 years, reflected in increasing funding opportunities, training programmes, and publications. In light of the rising importance of global mental health and the various uncertainties about its future directions, this paper explores what the future may hold for global mental health in 30 years’ time.MethodA scenario planning method was used, involving a workshop with experts from four continents and a range of backgrounds, including clinical and academic psychiatry, psychology, art and music therapy, service user advisory role, funder of global health research and post-graduate students.ResultsSix distinct scenarios that describe potential future situations were developed: universal standards for care; worldwide coordination of research; making use of diversity; focus on social factors; globalised care through technology; mental health as a currency in global politics.ConclusionsThese scenarios consider different social, economic, scientific and technological drivers and focus on distinct aspects. Some reflect a global application of possible trends in mental health, whilst others apply general global developments to mental health care. They are not fixed forecasts, but instead may help to promote discussion and debate about further developments and decisions.

Abstract The main purpose of the paper is to address the effects of digital transformation in the telecommunications markets which are characterized by network externalities. By acknowledging disruptive effects of digital transformation age, the paper highlights challenges which were created by advancement of technological capabilities. The specific aim of the paper is to present a methodological framework for measuring the information society. The research will be based on an analysis of the number of subscribers by types of telecommunication services, in developed and developing countries, in the last two decades. In this regard, increasing the number of subscribers leads to higher value of the selected network. We expect confirmation of both hypotheses respectively (H1: Digital transformation affects the simultaneously continuous growth of the number of subscribers and the continuous decline in prices of telecommunication services; H2: There are similar trends in developed and developing countries, which are related to the number of the telecommunication services subscribers). Therefore, digital transformation and the effect of network externalities contribute to increasing the number of subscribers, reducing the number of networks (distortion of the market competition) and reducing the prices of telecommunication services.