Poremećaji hoda i poremećaji ravnoteže uobičajeni su klinički problemi za starije osobe. Uzroci poremećaja hoda su individualni, često zbog fiziološkog procesa starenja i somatskih bolesti. Poremećaji hoda dovode do gubitka lične slobode, pada i povreda i rezultiraju značajnim smanjenjem kvaliteta života. Kod starijih osoba, kontrola statičke i dinamičke kontrole položaja i ritma je poremećena, što dovodi do izmijenjenog hoda, smanjuje se korak, povećava se širina hoda kako bi se održala ravnoteža, gornji dio tijela se savija prema naprijed da bi se održala ravnoteža, ruke se ne pomiču dok hodaju, hod je nepravilan, teže je započeti prve korake nakon sjedenja ili stajanja, kao i okretanja. Ako je moguće, najbolje je tretirati etiološki faktor, tj. osnovne bolesti, kao što su parkinsonizam, neki metabolički poremećaji itd. Treba voditi računa o nusefektima nekih lijekova, naročito antiparkinsonika, sedativa, hipnotika i antidepresiva. Također je potrebno uključiti i druge specijaliste, kao što su reumatolozi, fizijatri i fizioterapeuti, kao i internisti, kardiolozi i dijabetolozi. Kognitivne strategije također mogu biti korisne, na primjer usmjeravanje pažnje na svaki pojedinačni korak, a ne čin hodanja kao takav, svjesno pokušavajući napraviti pojedinačne velike korake, ili mentalno brojanje, kao i upotreba pomagala za hodanje.

In general, the mixing the reactants is very important to the process and the rate of combustion of each fuel, especially low-ranked coals with low reactivity. The appropriate excess air coefficient for combustion and the position and mode of supply of individual portions (air sta- ging) of the total air in the furnace are one of the key influ- encing factors for the mixing, respectively the efficiency of the combustion process, and the level of emissions. Today, the air staging (primary, secondary, tertiary and over fire air-OFA) is an indispensable process in the design of new industrial and energy boilers. Also, this measures are used for the reconstru- ction of existing furnace of large boilers. The implementation of this primary measure in the furnace does not require signi- ficant financial resources - the costs of investing in the intro- duction of air staging supply for combustion in the furnace are very low in relation to the multiple positive effects and bene- fits of such a system, especially a lower NOx emissions. However, the first condition for the correct and reliable design of the air staging system in the furnace is the choice of the optimal position for the supply OFA air. Determination of this position on the furnace depends on several factors, primarily the type and characteristics of the fuel, grinding quality, co- mbustion technology, furnace structure, type, number and arra- ngement of burners. On this topic, the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Sarajevo, in the Laboratory for Coal and Biomass Combustion, conducted extensive rese- arch on the pulverized combustion of coal blends of the Ce- ntral Bosnia Mining Basin, including co-firing of these coals with waste wood biomass (beech and spruce sawdust). Here is presented some of the results of those NOx emission studies for different fuels and combustion temperatures, depending on the mode of supply and the positions of the combustion air supply in the boiler furnace.

SAŽETAK: Uvod: Alergija na hranu je u zadnjih 20 godina postala značajan zdravstveni problem. Prevalencija se kreće od 3-38% samoprijavljenih slučajeva, odnosno od 1-7% dijagnosticiranih slučajeva alergije. Zadnjih godina su poduzeti brojni projekti kako bi se odredila prevalencija, vrsta alergena, uzroci alergija, veza sa ostalim zdravstvenim problemima, načini dijagnosticiranja, provođenje kontrole rizika u prehrambenoj industriji, prilagođavanje zakonske regulative potrebama alergičnih osoba itd. Dok su neke države uradile mnogo po ovom pitanju, još uvijek je veliki broj onih koji nemaju podataka o alergijama na hranu na svom području, a takva je situacija i u BiH. Cilj rada: Utvrditi prevalenciju alergija na hranu iz anketnog ispitivanja u Kantonu Sarajevo. Utvrditi kakva je učestalost nekih drugih alergija kod ispitanika. Materijal i metod rada: Ovo presječno istraživanje o alergiji na hranu provedeno je tokom marta i aprila 2017. među stanovnicima Kantona Sarajevo oba spola i svih dobnih skupina metodom slučajnog uzorka. Posebno dizajniran anketni upitnik od 16 pitanja popunilo je 480 ispitanika. Istraživanje je provedeno retrospektivno. Rezultati: Rezultati ankete provedene na području Kantona Sarajevo pokazuju procenat od 51% osoba koje prijavljuju da imaju neku vrstu alergije, među njima je 20% prijavljenih alergija na hranu, odnosno 11,7 % slučajeva dijagnosticiranih alergija na hranu, a u odnosu na ukupan broj od 480 (100%) ispitanika koji su učestvovali u anketi. Najčešće prijavljeni alergeni su: mlijeko i mliječni proizvodi, žitarice, jaja, kikiriki, orašasti plodovi, riba (sa školjkama i rakovima) i jaja. Zaključak: Dobiveni rezultat prevalencije alergije na hranu u našem istraživanju u ukupnom ispitanom uzorku od 480 anketiranih, njih je 96 (20%) ispitanika što ukazuje da je problem alergija na području Kantona Sarajevo značajan, i da se učestalost kreće u vrijednostima koje su karakteristične i za druge regije Evrope i svijeta. Zakonska regulativa se redovno usklađuje sa pravnom tekovinom Evropske unije, ali postoji nedostatak lako dostupnih informacija, koje bi alergičnim osobama olakšale proces dijagnosticiranja, preveniranja kontakta sa alergenima i snalaženje u svakodnevnom životu. Ključne riječi: alergija na hranuprevalencija; alergeni u hrani; Kanton Sarajevo

The environmental benefits of green roofs have been widely recognized. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to moisture management in the green roof systems. The moisture in the green roof has an influence on its thermal and hydrological performances. An accurate measurement of water content in green roof substrate is important for irrigation monitoring, optimal irrigation management, and plant growth. Knowing the performance and characteristics of the sensor for the chosen substrate layer in a green roof system is essential. This paper presents laboratory calibration of the capacitive moisture sensor in two types of the green roof substrate layer. The volumetric water content of several mineral wool and soil samples, with the water content from low until saturated, were measured using the gravimetric method and related to frequency obtained by the sensor. The results have shown that the capacitive moisture sensor has a good response to water content variation.

Introduction. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as attractive natural materials,have numerous applications in the biomedical field. Their unique biomechanicalcharacteristics, surface chemistry, low cost and sustainable naturemake them an engaging alternative to conventional materials and potentiatetheir use as progressive material. Therefore, it is critical to evaluate thecytocompatibility and immunomodulatory properties of nCNCs, which havenot been completely explored. The objective of this study was to examinea dose-dependent effect of native (n)CNCs on cytotoxicity and proliferativeactivity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) in vitro.Methods. PBMNCs, obtained from the healthy blood donors, were cultivatedwith nCNCs. Cell viability was analyzed by flow cytometry assay, whileproliferative activity was determined by MTT, [3H]-thymidine uptake assayand detection of IL-2 production.Results. The cytotoxicity results suggested that no concentration of nCNCs(50-400 μg/ml) affected necrosis of PBMNCs, whereas apoptosis was inducedby the highest concentration of nCNCs compared to control (p<0.05).Unexpectedly, the highest concentration of nCNCs increased the metabolicactivity of PHA-stimulated cells compared to control (p<0.05). In contrastto these findings, lower concentrations of nCNCs (50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml)stimulated proliferation of PBMNCs (p<0.05 and p<0.001). It was followedby increased production of IL-2 (100 μg/ml) (p<0.001).Conclusion. The results suggest that non-cytotoxic concentrations of nCNCsmodulate the proliferative activity of human PBMNCs, a phenomenon whichhas not been published up to now and which is relevant for further studies.

Introduction. Human monocytes are heterogeneous and plastic cell population with the ability to undergo phenotypic and functional changes as a response to a stimulus from a local microenvironment. Our aim was to determine the potential of human monocytes to differentiate into different cell populations depending on two different cytokines (IL-4 and IL-6) added to cultures as well as to compare their phenotypical and functional characteristics. Methods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) were isolated from buffy coats of healthy donors. Monocytes, which were separated from PBMNC by plastic adherence, had been cultivated in Dendritic cell (DC), serum free medium for 5 days, either with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) alone or with GM-CSF, with addition of interleukin 4 (IL-4) or interleukin 6 (IL-6), respectively. After cultivation, phenotypic characteristics of these cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, whereas the levels of produced cytokines in culture supernatants were quantified by ELISA. The potential of differentiated cells to modulate the proliferation of allogeneic T cells was examined by co-cultivation of these cells with PBMNC. Results. GM-CSF differentiated monocytes into M0/M1 macrophages (MØ). The combination of GM-CSF and IL-4 favoured differentiation of immature DC, whereas GM-CSF and IL-6 transformed monocytes into monocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells (M-MDSC). All cell populations expressed typical monocyte/macrophage markers such as CD14, CD11b, CD16 and CD33, HLA-DR, CD209 and CD86, a co-stimulatory marker. DC and M-MDSC expressed CD1a and CD11c, in contrast to M0/M1 MØ. The expression of HLA-DR, CD1a, CD209 and CD86 was highest on DC. The expression of CD33 and CD16 was highest on M-MDSC, followed by lowest expression of HLA-DR. The potential of promoting T-cell proliferation was highest in cultures of PBMNC with DC, whereas M-MDSC had the opposite, suppressive, effect. These differences correlated with highest production of immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10, IL-27 and TGF-b by M-MDSC. Conclusion. This study confirmed the differentiation plasticity of human monocytes, which are influenced by cytokines added in cultures. Phenotypic characteristics of these cells correlated with the production of cytokines involved in modulation of T-cell proliferation.

Earnings management literature extensively explores tax regime and debt contracting as possible incentives in financial reporting. Firms engage with aggressive financial reporting to bias earnings in periods when the need for external financing increases. Contrary to this, the tax burden represents incentive for more conserva tive reporting. We argue that the level of firm’s financial reporting aggressiveness is not constant but rather floating from period to period, directly affecting the quality of financial reports. We assume that firm’s management on its own discretion determines the level of conservatism, balancing between these two incentives. The prevailing of two incentives, the need for external financing and the tax burden, determines the level of conservatism in particular reporting period. We hypothesised that the reduction in tax burden incentive overcomes the debt contracting incentive in the years of decreasing external financing need, implying more conservative accounting to balance between economic and taxable income. The total accruals are used as a measure of earnings management reflected to working capital accruals. The data analysis conducted on financial reports of 297 firms in the time-series of five years shows a significant correlation between total accruals, external financing needs and difference between economic and taxable income. This study provides an evidence on the association between conditional conservatism and external financing needs against anticipated tax sheltering activities in the economy with rather weak legal enforcement and widely spread use of accoun-ting-based covenants in debt contracting, proposing that the conditional conservatism may rather not reduce the cost of debt with the diminishing role of accounting in the debt contracting.