Different types of transient phenomena are found in power systems. Switching transients in power systems have always been a matter of concern in insulation coordination studies. The reactors in power system are widely used elements which purpose is to provide stable power flow in normal conditions and to reduce dynamical and thermal stresses during short circuits and some other faults. Many shunt reactors are switched frequently, even daily. Shunt reactor switching imposes a unique and severe stress on the connected system and the circuit breaker. This paper presents study of overvoltages due to shunt reactor switching in 400 kV substation.

Abstract The author analyses volunteering in Bosnia and Herzegovina, focusing on women’s activism in connection with values associated with the concept of civil society, such as solidarity, equity, and reciprocity. Civil society in Bosnia and Herzegovina generally suffers from fragmentation, donor-driven approaches, insufficient transparency and low trust among the general population, all of which present obstacles to voluntary work, as does a legal framework which is certainly not conducive to volunteering. Unlike organizations that do no more than promote the interests of their members, or groups connected to or controlled by political parties, women’s organizations are often seen as undertaking genuine activism. The author reveals differences in attitudes to volunteer work among individual women in organizations of varying sizes, explaining that those differences depend to some extent on women’s locations, ages or experience. Both inter-group and intra-group dynamics, including women’s networks, provide additional insights into voluntarism, especially with regard to the value of solidarity.

Structural size optimization of a device for external bone fixation within a formed iterative hybrid optimization algorithm was presented in this paper. The optimization algorithm was in interaction with the algorithms for generative design and FEM analysis and completely integrated within CATIA CAD/CAM/CAE system. The initial model, representing the current design of the bone external fixation device Sarafix, was previously verified by experimental testing. The formed hybrid optimization algorithm was created as an integration of the global (SA method) and local (CG method) algorithm. The constraints of the optimization model are the clinical limitations of the interfragmentary displacements and the material strength. The optimized design has less weight, greater rigidity and less transverse interfragmentary displacements at the point of fracture compared to the current design.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases as a result of complex interaction between traditional risk factors, chronic inflammation and specific impact of antibodies on endothelium. There are very limited data regarding level of physical activity (PA) in APS patients.To analyze different domains of PA in Serbian APS patients and their possible relationship to clinical and laboratory criteria of the main disease.From a large Serbian APS database comprehending 527 APS patients (371 Primary – PAPS, and 156 APS associated with other autoimmune diseases, predominantly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)) we interviewed 51 APS patients, age range of 15-69 years: 29 patients with primary APS (PAPS), 25 women, 4 men, age 44±11.50, and 22 APS/SLE, 18 women, 4 men, age 48.41±11.75, using a long form of The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), translated onto Serbian language. Data on last seven days of PA divided onto leisure time PA, domestic and gardening (yard) activities, work-related PA and transport-related PA were acquired, and proposed scoring method was used. Based on the level of PA, patients were categorized to low, moderate or high level of PA. For the purpose of insight into atherosclerotic progression, we performed color Doppler scan of carotid arteries in all patients and presence of atherosclerotic plaques has been notified.Average total PA score was 7706.18±11771.97 MET-minutes/week. The greatest average values for different PA domains were for work (2733.21±6158.66 MET-minutes/week) and domestic/garden/yard (2522.31±3847.24 MET-minutes/week) and the lowest scores achieved in leisure time (500.87±695.45 MET-minutes/week). Majority of Serbian APS patients had low or moderate level of PA (37.3%, 43.1%, respectively) whereas lowest percentage was in high category of PA (19.6%). All domains of PA were significantly negatively correlated to age and BMI. There were no significant difference regarding PA scores between PAPS and APS/SLE patients. Although higher percentage of PAPS patients had high level of PA (27.65 compared to 9.1% of SLE/APS), the overall difference was not significant. There was no significant difference regarding antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) type or thrombotic/obstetric events presence. Significant difference occurred regarding presence of carotid arteries plaques. APS patients with lower PA scores had significantly higher prevalence of carotid arteries plaque especially for PA in transportation (p=0.004), and total PA (p=0.025)Serbian APS patients at younger age, tend to have low or moderate level of PA, with the lowest level of activity in leisure time. Low level of PA was undoubtedly related to progression of atherosclerosis in these patients, emphasizing a need for PA promotion in APS.Aleksandra Djokovic Speakers bureau: KRKA, Astra Zeneca, Actavis, Ljudmila Stojanovich: None declared, Natasa Stanisavljevic: None declared, Gordana Bogdanovic: None declared, Sandra Djokic: None declared

Although the genus Cotoneaster Medik. includes mainly ornamental species, there are some data regarding its biological activity. The purpose of this study was to analyze the content of phenolic compounds, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts of leaf and bark of C. integerrimus Medik., C. tomentosus (Aiton) Lindl. and C. horizontalis Decne. The C. tomentosus leaf extract exhibited the highest content of total phenols (135.86 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (18.17 mgQE/g), and also the most potent antioxidant activity against nonbiogenic free radicals, while the highest inhibition of acetylcholinesterase had the leaf extract of C. horizontalis (IC50 0.34 mg/mL). All extracts showed a significant level of antibacterial and antifungal activity against tested microbial strains. The largest inhibition zones were observed against Candida albicans treated with C. integerrimus leaf extract (30.50±0.50 mm). Furthermore, C. integerrimus extract was the most effective in the majority of bacterial strains tested. The results indicated that methanolic extracts of the investigated Cotoneaster species have promising bioactive and therapeutic potentials

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy with a high mortality rate worldwide. It is a complex, multifactorial disease that is strongly impacted by both hereditary and environmental factors. The role of microbes (e.g., viruses) in the pathogenesis of CRC is poorly understood. In the current study, we explored the status of high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in a well-defined CRC cohort using immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction assays. Our data showed that high-risk HPVs were common (~80%) and EBV had a low presence (14–25%) in the CRC samples. The most common high-risk HPVs are HPV16, 31, 18, 51, 52 and 45 genotypes. The co-presence of high-risk HPV and EBV was observed in ~16% of the sample population without any significant association with the clinicopathological variables. We conclude that high-risk HPVs are very prevalent in CRC samples while EBV positivity is relatively low. The co-expression of the two viruses was observed in a minority of cases and without any correlation with the studied parameters. Further studies are necessary to confirm the clinical relevance and potential therapeutic (preventive) effects of the observations reported herein.

Probably in the history of medicine, doctors were not as united as they are today, in that fight against COVID-19, when the pandemic spread incredibly fast - from East to West, from North to South. The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have unprecedented and unforeseeable consequences, from those on a worldwide/global level to those at the local level - at the level of local communities and families, and individuals (and not just humans, but all other living beings), of which the future will testify in various ways. The consequences will be political, economic, social, but probably to the greatest degree, the consequences of a health nature - systemic and individual. The death toll is high, despite the therapy being applied. We do not currently have a specific and effective therapy against COVID-19. In addition, we do not have a single clinical study that would support prophylactic therapy that could affect COVID-19. All of the therapeutic options now available to us are based on the experience we have gained in treating SARS and MERS. When the vaccine is discovered, at that moment we will be able to say that we have an appropriate and effective method in fighting against COVID-19. Some historians of medicine believe that voluntary vaccination against COVID-19 would be, not only less politically risky but also more effective in protecting the population from coronavirus. It remains to be seen what the new wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, announced by WHO experts these days, and which is expected in the fall of 2020, will bring us.

Introduction: Certain methodological principles should be inexcusably followed when designing clinical or observational research to avoid bias and presentation of results that do not reflect the truth about the phenomenon that is the object of the study. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the methodological quality of clinical trials and observational studies published in medical journals from ex-Yugoslav countries indexed in Pubmed/MEDLINE. Methods: Clinical studies published in medical journals of ex-Yugoslav countries were retrieved from the Pubmed/MEDLINE database, and the sample for analysis was randomly chosen from the retrieved publications. The rate of the most common errors in the design of clinical/observational studies was established by a careful reading of the sampled publications and their checking against predefined criteria. Results: The studies published in two countries that are now member states of the European Union (Slovenia and Croatia) have significantly higher citation rates, impact factor, and methodological quality scores than studies from other ex-Yugoslav countries. While publications from Croatia show clear improvement trend throughout the last two decades, which is visible also in the last 10 years in Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, quality of clinical research published in journals from Serbia was stagnating in the same period. Conclusions: There are significant differences in methodological quality and scientometric characteristics of clinical research published in medical journals of ex-Yugoslav countries that could be mitigated by more intensive training of clinical researchers in statistics and research design, as well as by more rigorous editorial practices.

Introduction: COVID-19 is the disease caused by an infection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, previously known as 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) respiratory disease. World Health Organization (WHO) declared the official name as COVID-19 in February 2020 and in 11th March 2020 declared COVID-19 as Global Pandemic. In June 6th 2020, over 7 million cases registered in the world, recovered 3.4 million and death over 402.000. Aim: The aim of this study is to retreive published papers about COVID-19 infection deposited in PubMed data base and analyzed current results of investigations regarding morbidity and mortality rates as consequences of COVID-19 infection and opinions of experts about treatment of afected patients with COVID-19 who have Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Methods: It’s used method of descriptive analysis of the published papers with described studies about Corona virus connected with CVDs. Results: After searching current scientific literature (on PubMed till today is deposited more than 1.000 papers about COVID-19 with consequences in almost every medical disciplines), we have acknowledged that till today not any Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) study in the world. Also, there are no unique proposed ways of treatments and drugs to protect patients, especially people over 65 years old, who are very risk group to be affected with COVID-19, including patients with CVDs. Vaccine against COVID-19 is already produced and being in phases of testing in praxis in treatment of COVID-19 at affected patients, but the opinions of experts and common people whole over the world about vaccination are full of controversis. Conclusion: Frequent hand washing, avoiding crowds and contact with sick people, and cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces can help prevent coronavirus infections are the main proposal of WHO experts in current Guidelines, artefacts stored on a web site. Those preventive measures at least can help to everybody, including also the patients who have evidenced CVDs in their histories of illness. Authors analyzed most important dilemmas about all aspects of CVDs, including etipathogenesis, treatment with current drugs and use of potential discovered vaccines against COVID-19 infection, described in scientific papers deposited in PubMed data base.

Introduction: Although during undergraduate study students have a high opinion of family medicine and often praise it, during postgraduate studies they show little interest in this medical specialty. Aim: The study aimed to examine the interest of public medical school students in family medicine as a career choice, to establish whether it changed during the study and if there was a difference in that regard among students studying at medical schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hypotheses: students’ attitudes change with learning about the way a family doctor works. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional survey. This manuscript presents a nationwide survey (63% response rate) of public medical school students in Bosnia and Herzegovina regarding their likelihood of selecting Family Medicine as a specialty. An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to all medical students on all six state universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Data basis of all doctors who have completed specialization programs were taken from ministries of health. Results: In the period from 01/01/08 to 12/31/18, only 8.4% of all completed specializations were family medicine doctors in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Interest in family medicine, as a future career, was shown by 31% of medical students, of which over 75% were female students. The largest interest in family medicine was shown by the sixth-year medical students, stating their extensive knowledge of medicine as a reason. Conclusion: Students’ interest in FM specialization is changing through the years of study. Unfortunately, it is not only the lack of interest, that is the cause of the small number of family medical specialities among students but also poor health policy, which should be subjected to actual reform.

Glucose is a main source of energy in human body and its regulation is controlled by a biological mechanism with organ/cell interactions that are related to glucose-insulin dynamics. This paper presents the model of physiological behaviors of glucose-insulin regulatory mechanism. This model allows investigation of blood glucose dynamics dependency on food intake. The model presented in this paper discusses several parameters within this complex system.

Introduction: Early correction of congenital ptosis may be indicated due to a risk of amblyopia or because of an abnormal head tilt. One of the main problems, of planning ptosis surgery in very young children, is the inability to measure the levator function. Aim: The aim of the article was to analyze the early correction of congenital myogenic ptosis. Methods: This was a retrospective, interventional, case series study, conducted on 12 eyes of 12 patients with unilateral, mild to moderate, congenital myogenic ptosis. Surgical correction of ptosis was performed by transconjunctival levator muscle plication. Pre- and postoperative measurements of the upper lid margin to central corneal reflex (MRD1) and upper lid skin crease height (UEC) were obtained, as well as the presence or absence of a reaction to topically applied phenylephrine 2.5% solution. Results: The mean age of the patients was 29.83 months (range 14-45 months). A negative phenylephrine test was noted in only 3 (25%) of cases. Equalization of upper lid height was achieved in 6 (50%), and a hypocorrection of up to 1 mm was noted in 4 (33%) of patients. There was only 1 hypercorrection of 1 mm, noted in the first postoperative month. In one case of hypocorrection of 2 mm, the height of the lid dropped between the 1 and 3 months follow up. Subsequent revision surgery was performed, with a good outcome. With regard to the upper lid skin crease height (UEC), the mean preoperative difference in relation to the contralateral (non-operated) lid, was 2.16 mm, whereas the average postoperative or final difference was 0.41 mm. Conclusion: Correction of myogenic ptosis in small children, using transconjunctival levator plication, in whom levator function cannot be measured, may have a satisfactory postoperative outcome.