ABSTRACT The application of microsatellite simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers has proven to be highly effective in genetically characterising the origins of various fruit species. Bosnia and Herzegovina boast abundant cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) germplasm within its natural habitats. This study focuses on three geographically distant regions in Bosnia and Herzegovina–Drvar, Mostar and Zenica–comprising a sample of 60 cornelian cherry genotypes. The genetic analysis of cornelian cherry utilised eight microsatellite primers to characterise the genetic makeup of the 60 genotypes. Notably, all observed loci in the three populations demonstrated 100% polymorphism. The total genetic differentiation is 0.042, which is also confirmed by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), which indicates that 3% of the total genetic variation is between groups, 8% between individuals and 89% within individuals. The results of pairwise Fst analysis (pFst) indicate that the greatest differentiation is between the populations of Mostar and Zenica (0.037), between Drvar and Zenica (0.026) and between Drvar and Mostar (0.025). The results of the genetic distance according to Nei confirm these results. Also, the largest difference was observed between the populations of Mostar and Zenica (0.316), then between Drvar and Zenica (0.285), and the smallest between Drvar and Mostar (0.251). This research contributes valuable insights into the genetic diversity and characterisation of cornelian cherry populations in different regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Abstract The olive trituration activity is one of the most important industrial activities in Fez, Morocco. These effluents are highly loaded with organic, inorganic, and phenolic compounds without any preliminary treatment that affects water quality. In this sense, the waters of Oued Fez are deteriorating due to the discharge of wastewater from oil mills and the excessive proliferation of Pistia stratiotes L., an invasive macrophyte that represents a significant stress to the aquatic ecosystem, eutrophication, and a reduction in biodiversity. This ecological situation has prompted us to carry out phytotoxicity bioassays based on the detection of the lethal concentration of P. stratiotes in the wastewater from the olive oil mill to evaluate the sensitivity and tolerance of macrophytes to the different concentrations of total polyphenols (TPP) present in the olive mill wastewater. To estimate their impact on the environment. Fresh whole plants of P. stratiotes were exposed to varying concentrations of olive oil mill wastewater with a series of TPP concentrations (0–30 mg/l) for 1 week in the natural environment. The results also show that P. stratiotes is able to grow rapidly in culture with 20 mg/l of TPP; the highest growth of wet weight of P. stratiotes occurred at 20 mg/l treatment with an average of 13 g wet weight increase. At 0 mg/l, treatment is known to cause very slow growth with an average of 2 g. Olive oil mill wastewater was toxic to the plant at concentrations higher than 30 mg/l, and the phytotoxic effect was manifested by retardation of growth, detachment of roots, wilting, and chlorosis of leaves. This indicates that polyphenols have great potential to inhibit the proliferation of P. stratiotes in aquatic environments.

Abstract Chenopodium ambrosioides, a member of the Chenopodiaceae family, is renowned for its toxic properties. Despite its toxicity, it has been traditionally utilized in various communities, particularly in pediatric contexts, for its vermifuge, antispasmodic, and antipyretic attributes. This study aims to unravel the phytochemical composition present in organic fractions and aqueous extracts obtained from the aerial components of C. ambrosioides. Furthermore, our objective is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of these extracts and fractions, coupled with a comprehensive examination of their toxicological effects. Polyphenols were quantified using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoids via the aluminum trichloride reagent AlCl3, and tannins using the vanillin method. Identification of bioactive compounds within the plant specimen was accomplished through GC-MS spectrophotometric analysis. The assessment of antioxidant activity employed DPPH, ferric (Fe3+) ion antioxidant reducing power (FRAP), ABTS, and TAC methods, with quercetin, catechin, and ascorbic acid serving as standards. Dermoprotective activity was studied using the ultraviolet absorption test. The GC-MS analysis conducted on the aqueous extracts (EAI and EAM) and assorted fractions (FCH, FE, FB, and FA) revealed the presence of diverse chemical families encompassing alcohols, acids, terpenes, steroids, and phenolic compounds. The components identified in the investigated samples, including trans-ascaridol glycol, palmitic acid, phenol, octadecadienoic acid, isoascaridol, eicosanoic acid, 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol, mexiletine, and thymol, are postulated as potential contributors to the observed antioxidant activity inherent in the plant extracts and fractions. Our findings highlight the remarkable antioxidant potential of Chenopodium ambrosioides, with the ethyl acetate fraction exhibiting the highest activity (IC50 = 0.54 mg/ml) in the DPPH test. In the FRAP and ABTS tests, the n-butanolic and ethyl acetate fractions demonstrated superior activity (IC50 = 4.43 mg/ml, 12.9 mg/ml and IC50 = 1.6 mg/ml, 4.54 mg/ml, respectively). Conversely, the TAC test revealed that the macerated aqueous extract displayed the highest activity (316.33 mg Eq AG/g), followed closely by the n-butanolic fraction (250.67 mg Eq AG/g). These outcomes can be attributed to the abundant presence of phenolic compounds in the n-butanolic and ethyl acetate fractions, as well as the macerated aqueous extract, playing a pivotal role in the observed antioxidant activity. Additionally, our investigation of the dermoprotective activity demonstrated robust efficacy in the ethyl acetate fraction (FE) and the n-butanolic fraction (FB) compared to the standard agents employed (ZnO and methyl salicylate). Overall, our comprehensive studies affirm that the extracts and fractions derived from C. ambrosioides manifest moderate antioxidant activities alongside significant dermoprotective potential, elucidated by the presence of phenolic compounds in moderate quantities within the plant.

Abstract Biotic stress caused by pests on citrus trees has become a major problem for ecologists around the world, hence the need to develop ecological approaches to surmount this stress. To evaluate the effectiveness of diverse control methods on the pest Panonychus citri and its predators, Euseius stipulatus, Phytoseiulus persimilis, and Typhlodromus sp. Different treatments were applied in orchards planted by Citrus clementina in the Gharb area of Morocco (T0 = treated by water only, T1 = spirodiclofen (the molecular formula is C21H24Cl2O4). 0.5 L/ha, T2 = 5% black soap 125 L/ha, Its ingredients are: argan oil, olive oil, black olive, salt, water, vegetable potash, without chemicals. T3 = mixture of two detergents; Oni product is composed of the following ingredients (sodium C12-13 parenth sulfate, and sodium C14-17 alkyl sec sulfonate) and Tide product with the following ingredients (sodium C10-16 alkylbenzene sulfonate, propylene glycol and sodium borate). Results obtained during the follow-up period showed that the black soap, spirodiclofen, and two detergent treatments provided a decrease in the P. citri population in comparison with plot treated by water during the whole monitoring period. We found 5,044 mobile forms of P. citri in the plot treated by water only, 1,544 forms in the plot treated with spirodiclofen, 3,002 forms in the plot treated with black soap, and 1,567 mobile forms in the plot treated with two detergents. This study demonstrated that all three treatments had a negative effect on the predators that survived in comparison to the control (T0), while the negative impact of spirodiclofen on beneficial phytoseiid mites was greater than that of black soap and detergents. However, the increase in temperature according to the follow-up weeks showed a significant effect on the evolution of the density of the studied mites. Unfortunately, the chemical products like spirodiclofen used against various citrus pests are considered toxic to phytoseiids and to the agro-ecosystem in general. This comparison aims to detect the effectiveness of black soap and mixtures of two detergents on P. citri and their impacts on its predators: E. stipulatus, P. persimilis, and Typhlodromus sp. to replace the use of pesticides by these alternative methods, which remain effective and environmentally friendly.

Abstract Orevactaene yellow pigment was produced by solid-state fermentation of broken rice using Epicoccum nigrum. The pigment was extracted using water as a solvent and subjected to stability studies at different temperatures (30, 40, 60, and 80°C), pH (4, 6, and 8), sterilization, and sunlight exposure treatment. The observed data were fitted in the first-order kinetic model. Yellow pigment stability was found to vary at different temperatures studied. At 30°C, only a 4% decrease in color intensity was observed after 2 h; at 40°C, an 8% decrease was observed, and at 80°C and pH 6.0, 17% of color intensity was lost. These results showed that the orevactaene pigment produced by E. nigrum is heat-sensitive and changes in color intensity should be expected in heat-processed products. After 180 min at 80°C, yellow pigments maintained 82 and 76% of the initial color at pH 6 and 8, while a 65% decrease in color intensity was observed at 80°C, pH 4. Autoclaving resulted in 69% decay and exposure of pigment to sunlight for 2 h showed 1% decay. The half-life period of the pigment at different temperatures varied from 82.5 to 5.25 h. The decimal reduction time decreased from 275 to 17.5 h with an increase in the temperature. Thermodynamic parameters for pigment decay at pH 6.0 were represented in terms of enthalpy ∆H, activation energy E a, free energy ∆G, and entropy ∆S. The values observed were 44.52–44.93, 48.48, 96.60–105.18 kJ/mol, and −170.50 to −171.85 J/mol/K, respectively. All these parameters help in predicting the quality changes in terms of appearance during thermal processing and optimizing the process.

The research included seven autochthonous apple varieties in the area of Tomislavgrad, Stipanjići locality, during 2018, which represent the natural wealth of our country. In seven autochthonous apple varieties: Petrovača bijela, Budimka, Ljutika-Divljaka, Ledarica, Bedrica, Ljepocvjetka-Cvjetača and Jonatanka, phenological characteristics were monitored and analyzed with morphological-pomological properties of fruits. The following phenological characteristics were monitored: flowering phenophases, germination of the first fruits, fruit growth, fruit ripening and full maturity. Five characteristics for the description of apple fruits were determined using the UPOV descriptor for apples (UPOV, 2003). The results of monitoring the morphological and pomological properties of fruits show that the lowest average fruit weight was in the variety of Cvjetača (58,38 g), while the highest average of fruit weight had variety Bedrica (140,59 g). In the result is evident that the lowest value of fruit width had variety Cvjetača (53,72 mm), and the highest had variety of Jonatanka (70,83 mm). The Cvjetača variety had the lowest average fruit lenght (47,24 mm), while the Bedrica variety had the highest (59,72 mm). The Budimka variety had the highest average stem length (2,73 cm), while the Divljak variety had the lowest average stem length (1,43 cm). The Jonatanka variety had the largest average cup concavity and was (1,28 mm), while the Petrovača bijela variety (0,41 mm) had the lowest average cup concavity. Based on the this research, the examined autochthonous apple varieties can be used a valuable genetic material in breeding programs, and can be used to create new varieties, as well as for propagation in commercial plantations.

The cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is considered to be one of those medicinal plants with important nutritional and therapeutic properties. The plant shows resistance against abiotic and biotic stressors in natural growing conditions and could be suitable to use in sustainable fruit production. This study was carried out on 22 local cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) genotypes, which were grown northwest of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Fruits of these 22 genotypes were harvested and analyzed during the ripening period in 2018/2019. Fruit weight, length, and width ranged from 1.38 to 3.01 g, 13.84 to 19.43 mm, and 10.92 to 14.79 mm, respectively. Dry matter content was determined to be the lowest at 11.67% and the highest at 21.89%. The genotypes had vitamin C content between 25.85 and 58.75 mg/100 g. Total phenolic and anthocyanin content were found to be quite variable among genotypes and ranged from 1240 to 6958 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 100 g fresh weight (FW) and 55.57 to 205.6 mg cyaniding-3-glucoside equivalents (CGE) per 100 g FW, respectively. The content of phosphorus and iron were between 155.52 to 263.06 mg per 100 g and 0.25 to 0.93 mg per 100 g, respectively. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the first and second components accounted for 44.05% and 60.50% of the total variance, and the major proportion of the first and second components were the morphometric properties and chemical traits of the cornelian cherry fruits. The results revealed that the characterized genotypes could be important for cornelian cherry breeders as ready crossing materials to obtain new cornelian cherry varieties and shows the potential of certain genotypes as a valuable source of natural antioxidants. The results may have served as a guide towards the development of sustainable production programs for cornelian cherries as well.

Jasna HASANBEGOVIC*, Semina HADZIABULIC, Mirsad KURTOVIC, Fuad GASI, Biljana LAZOVIC, Boris DORBIC, Azra SKENDER Department of Agriculture, Agromediterranean Faculty, Dzemal Bijedic University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Department of Agriculture, Biotechnical Faculty Podgorica, Center for Subtropical Cultures Bar, University of Montenegro, Montenegro Department of Agriculture karst, Mrko Marulic, Polytechnic of Knin, Knin, Croatia Department of Agriculture, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Bihac, Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina

: The main objective of this study was to examine the characteristics and the relationship between walnuts in the Una-Sana Canton based on phenotypic properties. This is the first study of preselection of walnut variability in this area. In this study, we evaluated the phenological and morphological characteristics of 75 selected genotypes during 2014 and 2015. Twenty-four phenotypic traits were monitored throughout 2 years on different sites. The results of the PCA analysis showed a very high heterogeneity of walnut seedlings on the examined sites, from the aspect of observed parameters. A limited number of superior genotypes were found, but individual genotypes with high nut and kernel weight, as well as the colour of the kernel were determined, which would classify them as high-ranked parents in hybridization programs. Certain number of genotypes with high values of traits such as: nut weight, kernel weight and a high percentage of kernel were selected for future studies. Amongst the selected trees, genotype G25 had the highest weight of nuts and kernel, as well as a satisfactory color of the kernel. This genotype could be used as a superior tree for further breeding programs in the future. A highlevel of phenotypic variability in this studyrevealed the existence of a rich genetics pool of nuts variation. The genetic diversity of walnuts obtained from our studies will represent a valuable source of information for breeding programs of Persian walnut in future.

Some physicochemical characteristics of black and white mulberry genotypes from and Herzegovina.-Genetika, Vol 51, No.3, Recently, Therefore, the focus of this research is to determine some physicochemical properties of mulberry fruits from the area of northwest Bosnia, where significant amount genetic resources of mulberries are available. In total, six genotypes of black and eight genotypes of white mulberries were analyzed. From physical properties, the fruit mass, fruit height, fruit width and length were determined. Black mulberries are found richer than white mulberries for most of the searched parameters. The average water, soluble solids, total acidity, total sugar, ash, vitamin C, total phenol and total anthocyanin of black mulberry genotypes were 86.46%, 14.88%, 0.08%, 7.30%, 0.68%, 45.84 mg/100 g FW (fresh weight), 50.67 mg GAE/100 g FW and 562.42 cyanidin-3-glucoside mg/g. These values were 82.49%, 17.51%, 0.09%, 7.34%, 0.78%, 43.79 mg/100 g FW and 29.49 mg GAE/100 g FW for white mulberries. The obtained results can serve for future steps in the breeding of these species, and because of the high quality fruit characteristics, they can affect the conservation of these species due to the increasing genetic erosion of this species. PC3 PC4

The paper presents the results of the analysis of phenological and morphological characteristics of 3 hazelnut cultivars present in the production plantation in the north-western Bosnia and Herzegovina. The 'Rimski', 'Istarski dugi' and 'Tonda Gentile Romana' cultivars served as research material. Blooming time ranged from December to March. For all cultivars, the occurrence of dichogamy, precisely protandry, was observed. The longest flowering period of both male and female flowers was found in the 'Tonda Gentile Romana' cultivar. The 'Rimski' cultivar had the highest fruit weight (3.04 g). 'Tonda Gentile Romana' had the highest kernel weight (1.50 g). The highest kernel percentage (49%) was found in 'Istarski dugi'. The length of male catkins ranged from 21.73 cm to 29.76 cm. Statistically significant differences among cultivars were found for the following traits: the length of male catkins, the number of female flowers in glomeruli, and the number of nuts on a fruiting shoot. The 'Istarski' cultivar had the highest average length of male catkins (29.76) and the highest number of female flowers in the glomeruli (7.32). 'Tonda Gentile Romana' had the highest number of fruits (20.93) on the shoots. All three cultivars have proven to be good varieties in terms of phenological and morphological characteristics, so they can be recommended for intensive production of this nut crop.

Due to the growth in production of raspberry ( Rubus sp.) in the Una-Sana Canton, there is a considerable need to research the fruit quality, as well as to guide the production in order to satisfy the requirements of the market. Raspberry fruit is very interesting for consumers because of its pleasant aroma and color, low calories, and high nutrient value, with health benefits that manifest in the high amount of antioxidants. In this paper, we have examined the morphological, chemical, and sensory properties of four cultivars of raspberry (Meeker, Willamette, Fertodi, Polka) grown in the area of the municipality of Bosanska Krupa. The Polka cultivar had the best morphological properties with average fruit width of 1.91 cm, height of 2.31 cm, and weight of 4.80 g. This cultivar also received the best sensory scores. In all the cultivars, there was a high percentage of dry matter (14.05%-16.67%), ash (0.33%-0.59%), reducing sugar (2.3%-4.99%), acid (0.78%-1.95%), and cellulose (0.93%-2.66%), as well as phenols (164.54-416.24 mg GAE/100 g), anthocyanins (53.38-58.83 mg/100 g), and vitamin C (35.77-54.92 mg/100 g). Among the cultivars, Fertodi had the highest share of antioxidant compounds and those differences were significant (P ≥ 0.05). By using principal coordinate analysis the Polka cultivar was characterized by width, height, and mass of fruit; Willamette by anthocyanin and phenols; and Meeker by vitamin C content.

Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa Elliot) is a deciduous fruit shrub from Rosaceae family that does not have a long cultivating tradition in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the effect of variety, quantity and combination of fertilizers on characteristics of vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of black chokeberry of Nero cultivar, in agro - ecological conditions of the Una – Sana Canton (Bosnia and Herzegovina). The experimental site fertilized with the combination of mineral and organic nitrate fertilizers gave the best results in morphometric characteristics of fruit, yield and vegetative characteristics of growth. Fruits from the control site had the highest values when it comes to the most of the following characteristics: dry matter content, ash, total acidity, vitamin C and total phenolic content. Statistical analyses showed that factors of quantity and the manner of fertilization influence significantly most of examined parameters in this research (P ≤ 0.05).