Starting from the emergence of 1st Generation network (1G), wireless mobile communications have been undergoing an evolution - from 2nd Generation (2G), 3rd Generation (3G), 4th Generation (4G) networks to 5th Generation network (5G) at present. The fifth era is only a continuation of the ongoing evolution as it is still in the research phase and is also the basis for further development of industries and the society in general. The paper presents and compares the fourth and fifth generation of wireless mobile communications, focusing on the differences and progress in terms of data transmission rate, capacity, architecture, technology and applied multiple-technique approaches and services provided.

D2D is a promising paradigm of the 5G network offering a beneficial infrastructure and allowing different applications such as social applications, advertising services, or those supporting mutual connectivity of heterogenous objects, as well as those offering support in cases of natural disasters. Compared to conventional network communication, communication achieved by D2D technology shows a lower degree of security. It is necessary to modify existing security mechanisms and new solutions to be adapted to the application of D2D in the fifth generation network, which will raise the level of security in terms of authenticity verification, ensuring service availability and maintaining integrity.

The present review paper provides a systematic insight into the studies published so far when it comes to the research on the cost and performance optimisation in the parcel delivery phase. Globalisation, as well as the new trends, such as selling online, directly influences the demands for the delivery of goods. Demand for the delivery of goods proportionally affects the transport prices. A great majority of deliveries is carried out in densely populated urban areas. In terms of costs, the greatest part in the courier organisations costs is observed in the technological phase of parcel delivery, which is at the same time the least efficient. For that reason, significant improvement of performance and cost optimisation in the very delivery phase is a rather challenging field for the researchers. New algorithm-based technologies, innovations in the logistics and outsourcing of individual technological phases are ways by means of which one strives to enhance the delivery efficiency, to improve performance and quality, but also to optimise the costs in the last phase of delivery. The aim of the present paper is to offer a systematic review into the most recent research in the field of technology, innovations and outsourcing models with the aim of reducing the cost and enhancing the productivity and quality in parcel delivery.

Internet of Things (IoT) becomes an emerging network technology that expedites billions of devices to be connected via the Internet to provide real-time intelligent application services. The benefits of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) can be used to fulfill IoT requirements. Quality of Service provisioning is an on-going demand in software-defined IoT (SD-IoT), particularly for large scale environments. In this paper, we address this issue by proposing a seamless model of AI-aided Traffic Differentiated QoS Routing and Dynamic Offloading in distributed fragmentation optimized SDN-IoT. Firstly, we propose a Multi-Criterion based Deep Packet Inspection method for classifying the network traffic, which is held in Edge Routers (access points). Secondly, we construct a Partially Connected Network Topology using the ISOMAP algorithm for an effective rule placement and routing. We propose a Traffic Differentiated QoS Routing for forwarding data packets via the most suitable switches. We select the optimum route by Deep Alternative Neural Network (DANN). Based on the relationships among switches, the path is selected and flow rules are deployed. The poor QoS is often caused by load imbalance in controllers and switches. To overwhelm this issue, we propose a Dynamic Offloading scheme in SD-IoT. We offload the data packets from the overloaded controller to the underloaded controller using Hassanat Distance-based K-nearest neighbors (HDK-NN) algorithm. Similarly, we propose a Ranking-based Entropy function (R-Ef) to allow dynamic offloading among switches. Simulation is performed using the NS3.26 simulator and the results proved that our proposed AI-aided SD-IoT model provides superior QoS performance compared to previous approaches.

Multiprotocol Label Switching Traffic-Engineering (MPLS TE) is a mechanism for optimizing network performances by using existing routing and resource reservation protocols in order to calculate and establish tunnels used for transporting different traffic flows depending on their destination. Aim of this paper is presenting benefits of using Segment Routing Traffic Engineering (SR-TE) in Software Defined Network (SDN) environment in order to overcome several MPLS TE problems and challenges presented in this paper. In order to present benefits of SR-TE in SDN, two scenarios are compared. In the first scenario SR is implemented in classical IP/MPLS network. In the second scenario, SDN controller is added to a topology and control over paths is delegated to SDN controller.