I ntroduction : Genotoxic effect of ceftriaxone, a antibiotic of the third generation cephalosporins, have been evaluated. Metods: In vitro analysis included evaluation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of different test ceftriaxone in concentrations of 0.15, 0.25 and 0.50mg/mL. Genotoxic potential was evaluated by using the cytokinesis block-micronucleus cytome assay in cell of cultivated human peripheral blood lymphocyte cells. Results: Results of the analysis on the presence of micronuclei, nuclear buds and nucleoplasmic bridges in 1000 binuclear cells per sample showed that the relative frequency of these indicators increased with increasing concentrations of ceftriaxone in lymphocyte cultures, while there are significant differences in their frequencies relative to controls as determined for each ceftriaxone concentration. Conclusions : Based on these results it can be assumed that ceftriaxone has a genetic potential. The frequency of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds in cytokinesis-blocked cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes increases with increasing concentrations of Ceftriaxone, with a significant difference in their frequencies relative to controls as was determined for each of the concentrations. Ceftriaxone present genotoxic, cytostatic and cytotoxic activity in the applied in vitro cytogenetic tests. Ceftriaxone in lymphocyte culture affects the inhibition of cells proliferation, as confirmed by the decrease of NDI (nuclear division index - indicator of cytostatic effect) and NDCI (nuclear division cytotoxicity index - indicator of cytotoxic effects) compared to the controls.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Alprazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine used in panic disorders and other anxiety states. Target organ of Alprazolam is CNS, causing depression of respiration and consciousness. Aim: This study aimed to estimate the genotoxic potential of Alprazolam using Allium cepa test. Methods: Allium cepa is one of the most suitable plants for detecting different types of xenobiotics. The test enables the assessment of different genetic endpoints making possible damage to the DNA of humans to be predicted. Results: Alprazolam induced chromosomal (anaphase bridges, breaks, lagging and stickiness, abnormal spiralisation, multipolarity and polyploidy) and cytological aberrations, especially nuclear alterations (nuclear buds, fragmented nucleus and apoptotic bodies, cells without nucleus, binucleated and micronucleated cells), morphological alterations in shape and size of cells, spindle disturbance and polar deviation in root tip meristem cells of Allium cepa at all tested concentrations. Alprazolam also caused significant inhibition of mitotic index in these cells. Conclusion: These changes in cells are indicators of genotoxic potential of Alprazolam suggesting a need for further in vitro studies on animal and human lymphocytes as well as in vivo studies.

INTRODUCTION The invention and use of antibiotics in treating infections is one of the greatest achievements of the twentieth century medicine. Antibiotics are one of the categories of pharmaceuticals with a broad and increasing application. GOAL The goal of this paper is to analyze the influence of different set of test concentrations of ceftriaxone antibiotics on the occurrence of chromosome aberrations after in vitro treatment with concentrations: 0.15 mg/ml, 0.25 mg/ml and 0.50 mg/ml. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the study was used the blood of healthy donors in vitro, treated with different concentrations of ceftriaxone. Ceftriaxone is a semisynthetic cephalosporine third generation antibiotic, with broad spectrum of activity and with specific characteristics (Nerlove et al. 1996). As a biomarker of genetic damage are used the methods of cultivation of peripheral blood lymphocytes and analysis of chromosome aberrations. Cytogenetic analysis of ceftriaxone genotoxicity was performed in 48-hour culture of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by test of standard chromosome aberration analysis according to Moorhead, with certain modifications. Insight into the frequency and type of chromosome aberrations is obtained by analyzing 100 metaphases per sample. RESULTS By the analysis of 100 metaphases per sample was determined that the relative frequency of metaphases with chromosome aberrations is increased with increasing concentrations of ceftriaxone in lymphocyte culture. The increase in the frequency of structural aberrations was also positively correlated with the applied ceftriaxone concentrations. Metaphases with numerical and structural aberrations are registered in lymphocyte cultures treated with ceftriaxone concentration of 0.25 mg/ml and 0.50 mg/ml, but this increase was not significant compared to the control cells cultures. CONCLUSIONS Significantly increased frequency of metaphases with structural chromosome aberrations in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes treated with concentrations of 0.25 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml compared to the control confirming clastogenic potential of this drug. Ceftriaxone also expressed aneugenic activity at the highest test concentration (0.50 mg/ml), confirming a statistically significant difference in the frequency of numerical aberrations in cultures treated with doses of 0.5 mg/ml.