In athletic sprint disciplines, the segments of start and start acceleration occupy an important place that significantly generates the final outcome of the race. The question is to what extent the start time of the reaction (latent time) has a contribution to achieving the results of sprint disciplines. The aim of the current research was to determine the influence and connection between the reaction time and the result performance of running in the disciplines of 100 m, 200 m, 400 m finalists of ten world championships. The results of a total of 456 finalists (231 men) and 225 (women) competitors who competed in the final races of the championships (from Edmonton, 2001 to Doha, 2019) were analyzed. The evaluation of the start reaction time and sprint results was based on reports officially published by the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF). Central and dispersion parameters were calculated for all variables. The relationship between reaction time and sprint results was calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficient, and simple regression analysis determined the direct influence of reaction time on the result success and calculated the relevant coefficients for the level of statistical significance p < 0.05. Based on the obtained results, a positive but low correlation was recorded between the mean values of the 100 m sprint results and the reaction time in men (r = 0.230p<0.044), which was also confirmed by regression analysis. In other correlations and values of regression coefficients, no significant numerical values of the influence of reaction time on the result success were recorded in both categories of finalists.

Race walking (RW) is a cyclic athletic discipline, of aerobic character, which is characterized by high intensity and high energy consumption. The result is correlated with the anthropological dimensions of the walker as well as good technical performance. The study includes 25 male students, third year of study, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in East Sarajevo. For the purposes of the research, the results of RW at 2km (criterion variable) were measured, on the basis of which average values of walking speed (WS) were calculated. The aim of the research was to determine the correlation between the achieved result depending on the walking speed. By applying the Pearson product of the correlation moment, the obtained results confirmed a significant and high correlation between the result and the walking speed (r = -0.988; p<0.05) with an inverse function that confirms the high dependence of the result on the WS.

Aim: Undergraund Farmakology of Black Marked such as are Anabolic steroids wich are irational abused by young recreational bodybuilder are in hidden epidemic connection with fast muscle gain and increased cardiovascular risk. Many young recreational bodybuilders beisides syntetic testestorone derivats, different testosteron esters and supplements search for alternative methods to improve effectes of muscle gain. Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) with connection of abuse of stacking anabolic steroids in recreational bodybuilders still stay generally and worldwide unexplored leaving lots of unfilled gaps. Methodology: This study was conducted from beginning of May, 2018 till end of december 2018 at the Clinic of cardiovascular Surgery, department for vascular and endovascular surgery, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Special Hospital dr.Solakovic Department for Hyperbaric medicine (BIH) Head of Center for Hyperbaric medicine and chronic wound treatment Banja Luka (BIH), Private Hyperbaric and General Practice Therapy Centar Split and faculty Physical education and Sport Sarajevo included 72 subjects age 20-30 (36 of them went to hyperbaric chamber and used anabolic supplements while, 36 don’t went to hyperbaric chamber only used anabolic steroids). Potential Cardiovascular Side Effects are investigated For the testing of statistical significance of differences between the examined groups parameter tests were used. The difference at a level of p<0,05 was statistically significant. Results: In all tested subjects we investigated increasing potential damage of cardiovascular parameters age 20-30 years after two years study. Analysis shows the no statistically significant influence of recoverry and strength improvment in (HBOT) Treat dacetate group, compared to non Trenbolone acetate abuser group (p<0,005). Conclusion: Anabolic steroid stacking have generally efective potential abusing impact on skeletomuscular system it is unsignificant that oxgen therapy can provide such benefit in strength like anabolic steroids but certainly can improve recovery after hard working effort in a gym.

The purpose of this study aimed to look at assessing the effects of aerobic exercise on body composition of overweight female aging 22-27 years.A sample of n=30 (thirty) overweight female aging 22-27 years in District Tonsa (Punjab), Pakistan were included as subject. A four (04) week exercise protocol was prepared and used among females of the experimental group. The experimental group was subjected to measure the anthropometric as well as 3- site skin fold measurements. The data regarding pre and post-test of both groups-control and experimental were carefully recorded and entered into the computer for analyses. For this purpose, both descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Independent Samples t-Test and Paired Samples t-Test) were used for analyzing the data. The analyzed data established that the mean score of (EG) in pre and post-test were found as 28.66 and 23.5. The t-value of the table is 5.022 and P-value is 0.001 which is lower than the significant level (P<0.05). Therefore, it is concluded that the difference between Pre and Post-test of Control Group has shown the significant effects of aerobic exercises on body fat percentage of overweight females. According to the analyzed data the mean value of Post-tests regarding body fat percentage of Control Group were 28.89 and Experimental Group was 23.5. The P-value 0.002 and t-value -987 in the table depict the significant statistical difference between the two means of Control and Experimental Group in Body Mass Index (P<0.05).The results of the study indicated that the four weeks’ aerobic exercise protocol has a significant effect on overweight females in the perspective of decreasing their body fat percentage. Based on the findings, the researcher recommended that more and more involved in physical activity and exercise among female folk may be ensured.

Hammer throw is motor-wise an extremely complex throwing discipline with the manifestation of several different forces that impede the rotational movement of the device and the thrower in the projected sagittal plane. Kinematic parameters are one of the segments when analyzing athletic disciplines, including hammer throw. This study aims to determine spatial and time differences of kinematic parameters between male and female hammer throw finalists at the 2017 Athletics World Cup in London. The study was conducted on a sample of 24 finalists of the 2017 Athletics World Cup in London, with the aim to analyze the differences in kinematic parameters between male and female hammer throwers. The results were acquired by applying the Independent Sample t-Test. It has confirmed the differences in most of the parameters, except those regarding ejection height (T=2,992; p<0,009), where it established statistically significant discrepancies between male and female finalists. On average, the male finalists threw a hammer from a height of 1,74±0,13m, and the female finalists from 1,54±0,17m. Based on the obtained results of kinematic parameters, it can be concluded that quantitative and qualitative differences in the measured kinematic parameters of the finalists in London are evident, but that statistically significant differences are recorded only in the ejection hight of the device.

Bacanje kladiva je motorički vrlo kompleksna bacačka disciplina sa manifestacijom više različitih sila koje nastoje da onemoguće rotaciono kretanje sprave i bacača u projektovanoj sagtalnoj ravni. Kinematički parametri su jedan od segmenata u analizi atletskih disciplina, uključujući i bacanje kladiva. Cilj studije bio je da se utvrde prostorne i vremenske razlike kinematičkih parametara između muških i ženskih finalista, bacača kladiva Svjetskog prvenstva u Londonu. Studija je sprovedena na uzorku 24 finalista Svjetskog prvenstva u Londonu, 2017, sa ciljem analize razlika kinematičkih parametara između muških i ženskih bacača kladiva. Da bi se dobili potrebni rezultati primenjen je t-test za male nezavisne uzorke. Rezultati su potvrdili razlike u većini mjerenih parametara ali statistički značajne razlike između muških i ženskih finalista su potvrđene samo u visini izbačaja (T=2,992; p<0,009). Muški finalisti su bacali kladivo u prosjeku sa visine 1,74±0,13m, a žene sa 1,54±0,17m. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata kinematičkih parametara može se zaključiti da su evidentne kvantitativne i kvalitativne razlike u mjerenim kinematičkim parametrima finalista u Londonu, ali da su statistički značajne razlike evidentrane samo u visini izbačaja sprave.

Anthropometric characteristics, motor skills as well as good technical performance are very important in the result of the athletic discipline - High Jump. Aim: The aim of this research was to determine the impact and differences in morphological characteristics and motor skills in athletic discipline high jump, at both generations of students at the Faculty of Physical Education, Sports and Health. In a sample of 100 respondents, consisted of full-time second year students at the age of 20 years with ± of 6 months at the Faculty of Physical Education Sport and Health in Skopje. Divided into two groups 50 respondents in both generations surveyed - 2016 and 2018, research has been done. Methods: In our research for assessment of the morphological structure of the respondents, 14 morphological variables were used, and 5 motor variables for assessment of psychomotor abilities. The athletic discipline - high jump is used as a criterion variable. Results: From the obtained results of the regression analysis, we noticed that the morphological variables have a significant impact on the criterion variable - High Jump only in the first group of participants - 2016 generation (Q=0.008). Regarding the motor skills that were the subject of analysis in our research, we found that all five motor variables used as a test to test their abilities have a significant impact as a system on the criterion variable – High Jump (Q=0.000). According to the multivariate (MANOVA) and univariate analysis (ANOVA) of the results of both groups of entities, we noticed that both groups of respondents differ in their morphological characteristics and biomotor abilities (Q=0.000). Conclusion: Based on the results obtained from the applied research procedure, we came to the conclusion that the morphological structure of the respondents has a significant role in achieving greater height in аthletic discipline – High Jump. In terms of motor skills, we came to the conclusion that students should use the motor tests that were used in the research in the preparation phase, in order to be able to successfully meet the norm and achieve better results in the High Jump. The differences between the respondents would be smaller if they pay more attention to the preparation for the fulfillment of the norm in this athletic discipline, because from our experience so far we can say that is the most difficult athletic disciplines for students. Article visualizations:

concept and and/or assembly of data; data analysis and interpretation; Research on moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) is closely connected with primary and secondary cardiovascular protection but also can be associated with primary bypass patency and outcome of endovascular treatment for critical iliac stenosis TASC II A and B. After specific surgical or non-surgical treatment, iliac bypass or endovascular revascularization patency still depends on an individual and is still in the eye of scientific research modalities. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is an efficient surrogate parameter in detection and prediction of cerebrovascular events and potential marker of generalized atherosclerosis with prognosis of peripheral arterial disease related to prognosis of atherosclerotic coronary hemodynamic pathology. Materials and methods. A total of 139 patients were observed during 4 years of MICT. Ultrasonography of the distal part of the common carotid artery (CCA) was performed to measure CIMT before and after revascularization procedure. The bypass patency and walking distance was also studied. Results. In the total population, no difference in changes of CIMT from baseline was observed between the standard exercise group and controls in 4 years. However, there was a significant correlation between the effect of exercise training and CIMT within 4 years. CIMT was not significantly reduced in the exercise group compared with control non-diabetic patients. Conclusions. Exercise training in both groups did not significantly change carotid intima-media thickness in the four years following endovascular procedure and Dacron bypass revascularization, but significant beneficial effect of moderate-intensity continuous training on bypass patency was observed in patients with mild or without claudication symptoms as well as on subjective and objective health status.

Background: The Worlds Athletics Championships, along with the Olympic Games, represent the largest review of athletes in which they record top results, often projecting new world records. Any research that analyzes top athletes contributes to shedding light on a number of issues. It is especially interesting to analyze and compare the results of athletes from one time distance. The main goal of the research was to determine the result differences in sprint, jumping and throwing disciplines, between men's and women's finalists participating in the World Athletics Championships in Edmonton, 2001 and Doha in 2019. Methods: the current study included a total of 493 finalists (247 men's and 246 women's) of the World Championships in Edmonton, 2001 and Doha, 2019. The results in sprint, jumping and throwing disciplines were analyzed in order to determine the result differences in the championship finals. To obtain the necessary information, a t-test for independent samples was applied and the relevant statistical parameters were calculated. Results: the results were confirmed between the final evident differences in all disciplines. Men in Edmonton were successful in 41% of the discipline (400m, pole vault, discus throw, hammer throw, javelin throw), and in Doha 59% of the discipline (100m, 200m, 110H, high jump, long jump, triple jump), while in the category of women's finalists, participants in Edmonton were successful in 17% of disciplines (long jump, throwing the ball), while female athletes were successful in 83% of disciplines (100m, 200m, 400m, 110H, triple jump, high jump, high jump with a pole, Throwing a spear, throwing a discus, throwing a hammer). Statistically significant differences between male finalists were recorded only in the disciplines: 200m (t=2.318; p, throwing the ball (t= -2.939; p and hammer throw (t= -2.802; p, and in female finalists in the 200m disciplines (t=2.402; p, pole vault (t=-5.552; p and hammer throw (t= -6.410; p Conclusion: the consequences of this distribution of differences finalist can be found in various morphological, motor and biomechanical parameters, technical experience, neuromuscular movements, level of motivation and preparedness at the time of onset and other endogenous-exogenous factors.

Background and Study Aim. Hammer throwing is the most complex athletic throwing discipline with rotational trajectory and strong effect of several different forces that try to disable the projected throwing trajectory. Kinematic parameters are an important segment in the analysis of athletic disciplines, including hammer throw. They are an indicator of influence and often a difference between competitors of different or the same rank of the competition. The aim of the study was to determine the spatial and temporal differences of kinematic parameters between male and female elite hammers. Material and Methods. The study was conducted on sample of 16 Daegu World Championship finalists in 2011, to analyse differences in kinematic parameters between male and female throwers hammer. To obtain the required results, t-test for small independent samples was applied. Results. The data obtained in the study were given as Mean and Standard deviation. Statistically significant differences between male and female finalists were confirmed in the rate of ejection (t=3.684; p<0.004) and the speed of the fourth turn (t=4.396; p<0.002). The male finalists achieved an average ejection velocity of 27.91m/s and the female finalists 27.17m/s, with an average turn speed of 4.67m/s (male) and 4.03m/s (female). Conclusions. The research has shown that significant differences were made between male and female finalists in Daegu in 2011. The causes of differences can be found in length of training, different training process, technical mastery, competitor experience, morphological profile, motor and anatomical structures, movement technique and biomechanical parameters, which were not taken into the research.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between leg muscle power, balance, coordination, and shooting skills in soccer. Participants in this study used 89 soccer athletes with an age range of 15-18 years (M = 17.6; SD: 1.30). The research instrument used a coordination test (soccer wall volley test), balance test (modified bass test), leg muscle power (standing long jump test or broad jump), and shooting skills test. Data collection techniques, namely by measuring tests and measurements by the implementation procedure. Data analysis in this study was using Pearson correlation and regression analysis with the help of the IBM SPSS 24 application. The results showed that: 1) There was a relationship between leg muscle power and shooting ability using instep; 2) There is a relationship between balance and the ability to shoot using the instep; 3) There is a coordination relationship with the ability to shoot using the instep; and 4) There is a relationship between leg muscle power, balance, and coordination with the shooting ability using the instep. Recommendations for further research are suggested to involve other independent variables (X) that are relevant to this study, such as leg length, running speed, and angle of impact.

Background: Hammer throw is the most complex athletic throwing discipline with a rotational trajectory and the strong action of several different forces that try to disable the projected throwing trajectory. Kinematic parameters are an important segment in the analysis of athletic disciplines, including hammer throw. Aim study: The aim of the study was to determine the influence of spatial and temporal biomechanical parameters on hammer throw results. Methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 56 male and female World Championship finalists (Berlin, 2009, Daegu, 2011, London, 2017). Multiple regression analysis was applied to determine the influence of defined kinematic parameters on the result performance of the throw. Result: The results of the male finalists confirmed the direct correlation between the starting speed (r=0.64 p=0.001), the first turn speed (r=0.47 p=0.017), the release velocity (r=0.86 p=0.000), the release of angle (r=0.37 p=0.049), and the inverse effect of the duration of the first (r=-0.40 p=0.046) and third turn (-0.46 p=0.020). The regression function of the male sample also confirmed the influence of starting speed, release of velocity (p=0.01 p<0.05) and angle of release (p=0.04 p<0.05). In the female finalists, the direct correlation is between the release of velocity (r=0.90 p=0.000), the angle of release (r=-0.62 p=0.000) and the fourth turn speed (r=0.50 p=0.002). The regression function for the female sample confirmed a high negative influence of the starting speed, while the direct influence was recorded at the release of velocity (p=0.02 p<0.05) at the given level of statistical significance of the regression function. Conclusion: The defined set of kinematic parameters had a significant impact on the result performance of male and female hammer throw finalists.

Background: Kinematic parameters are an indispensable segment in the analysis of all throwing disciplines, including javelin throw. They are also an indicator of possible differences between competitors of different or the same rank of the competition and are an important factor for achieving a good result. The aim of the study was to determine the spatial and temporal differences of kinematic parameters in the javelin throw between the male and female finalists of the World Championships. Methods: The study was conducted on a sample of finalists in the World Athletics Championships (Berlin 2009-Daegu 2011) with the aim of determining the differences between the kinematic parameters of the male and between the female javelin throwers. The sample included a total of 32 competitors in both categories. To obtain the necessary results, a t-test for independent samples was applied. Result: statistically significant differences were confirmed between male finalists in 60% of kinematic parameters: release velocity (t=3,504; pConclusion: Generally speaking, this research showed that significant differences were observed between male finalists and between female finalists. Mostly, these are kinematic parameters that have proven to be paramount in the resultant performance of these championship throwers. One should not forget the influence of exogenous factors, above all air currents and javelin behavior as an aerodynamic device. An ideal biomechanical model of the thrower can be made based on the differences in the kinematic parameters of the top medal winners at the Berlin WCh in 2009 and the Daegu WCh in 2011.

Athletic decathlon is psychophysically very challenging athletic competition that takes place over two consecutive days. Decathlon athletes are usually said to be the most dexterous and versatile athletes because they have to be good in all disciplines. It is the only competition where the athlete is struggling with themselves, as all disciplines are scored, and the winner is the one who has the most points (Pts) after the last discipline. This survey included five top 10 decathlon world record holders for the period from 1984 to 2016 and their results. Those five athletes areDaley Thompson, Dan O’Brien, Thomas Dvorak, Roman Sebrle, and Ashton Eaton. The main objective of the research was to analyze and determine the differences between the results of the record results in the decathlon and their best personal results. A t-test for small independent samples was applied to obtain the necessary information. The results obtained confirmed statistically significant differences in 50% of the disciplines for both levels of significance. Differences were evident in disciplines like high jump (t=-4,440; p<0.011), 110m hurdles (t=-3,769; p<0,020), discus (t=-3,958; p<0.017), pole vault (t=-4,706; p<0.009) and 1500m (t=-2,903; p<0.044). On the basis of the point distribution, the so-called dominance is noticeable in the so called motor disciplines versus technical and power disciplines.