Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the differences between football players and basketball players in the mean absolute values ​​of maximum torque flexors and extensors, ratio of maximum hamstring torque to maximum quadriceps torque dominant (DOM) non-dominant (ND) leg and differences in bilateral imbalance of flexor muscles and knee extensors. Material and methods: The research included a sample of 39 professional athletes. The first subsample included 19 professional basketball players while the second subsample included 20 professional soccer players. Results: Based on the results of the torques of the extensors in the knee joint of the DOM and ND legs, it was established that there is no statistically significant difference between basketball players and football players. However, a statistically significant difference was found in the torque flexors of the knee joint DOM (p≤0.01) and ND (p≤0.00) of the leg between basketball players and football players. On the other hand, the results of the research indicate that the difference between basketball players and football players in the ratio of Hamstrings peak torque to Quadriceps peak torque was recorded only in the ND leg (p≤0.02), while the difference in the DOM leg is not statistically significant. The results of our study indicate that basketball players have a higher percentage of imbalances compared to football players, especially in m. hamstrings. Conclusion: This study provides normative data on populations specific to soccer and basketball, but does not provide evidence of the ability of the isokinetic assessment of lower extremity muscle strength to predict injuries to football players and basketball players.

Purpose: to determine the most significant kinematic indicators in the sports selection of beginner shot putters. Material and Methods: This study was carried out on a sample of 9 students at the fourth stage of the competition in Division 1, which took place in the 2017/2018 academic year at the Faculty of Physical Education of Maysan University. The following kinematic (biomechanical) parameters were analyzed: the angle of release of the nucleus, the velocity of release, the height of the point of ejection of the nucleus and the speed of swing. The correlation coefficients were determined between the kinematic indicators and the result in the shot put, as well as the regression equation for the dependence of the result in the shot put on the knematic indicators. The data obtained in the study were presented in the form of the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, median, skewness coefficient, Pearson's correlation coefficient, analysis of variance and linear regression, which included the contribution coefficients of each analyzed indicator, standard error, reliability of the regression equation as a whole, and reliability of the coefficients contribution to the shot put result of each kinematic exponent. Results. It has been shown that the swing speed has the greatest influence on the result in the shot put among beginner athletes. The swing speed, shot angle, shot speed and shot height have significant relationships with the shot put result. The multiple regression equation for the dependence of the shot put result on the swing speed, shot angle, shot height and shot point turned out to be reliable in general. However, only the swing speed has a reliable coefficient of the regression equation. The shot angle tends to be the determining factor in the shot put result. The release rate and the height of the release point have significant correlations with the shot put result, although in the regression equation they have unreliable indicators of influence on the shot put result. Conclusions. When teaching beginner shot putters, the greatest attention should be paid to the pushing swing technique, namely the swing speed. The second most important indicator is the angle of the shot put, it is recommended to use the basic prediction equation, which determines the expected results in the selection of young athletes in shot put, with high reliability of the results obtained. These characteristics are recommended to be used for evaluating young athletes, as well as in the process of training and preparing athletes for competitions.  

In this prospective study, we presented the effect of isokinetic training on the clinical outcome of rehabilitation in relation to the reduction of the torque deficit in thigh muscles (DEF) after anterior cruciate ligament (LCA) reconstruction. The prospective study followed 144 subjects, 72 women and 72 men, with a mean age of 28.20 ± 4.52, four months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a hamstring graft. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the type of rehabilitation treatment they underwent. Subjects of the isokinetic group (72 subjects, 36 males and 36 females), underwent kinesitherapy according to the isokinetic exercise protocol which consisted of a one-day isokinetic training lasting for thirty minutes, five times a week for six weeks. Subjects of the classical group (72 subjects, 36 males and 36 females) underwent kinesitherapy based on standard isotonic exercises to increase muscle strength, i.e. exercises with weights and in the gym. The difference in the outcome of rehabilitation was objectified by a concentric-concentric isokinetic test at an angular velocity of 60 °/s before the start, after three weeks and after six weeks of rehabilitation. The monitoring parameters were: torque deficit of the injured leg knee extensor in relation to the uninjured leg (EXDEF) -% and torque deficit of the knee flexor of the injured leg in relation to the uninjured leg (FLDEF) -%. 

The hands are anatomically specialized for manipulative tasks with different physical objects, where they can cope with certain loads with different forces and intensity. During various physical and sports activities, the hands produce the appropriate muscular force for gripping, which manifests as the hand grip's force. For this reason, hand grip strength (HGS) is recognized as a limiting factor in all manipulative activities performed by the cranial part of the body. The current research included a sample of 22 subjects, 16 male Body Height (BH=180.28±4.65cm); Body Weight (BW=80.05±9.96kg), Body Mass Index (BMI=24.61±2.74kg/m²) and 6 female subjects Body Height (BH=167.42±11.11cm); Body Weight (BW=64.80±10.09kg); Body Mass Index (BMI=23.02±1.57kg/m²) on the third year of study at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports. This study aimed to determine the maximum isometric muscle force of the handgrip and differences between the same gender of students. A t-test for small samples was applied for data processing, and the relevant statistical parameters were calculated. The obtained t-test results confirmed statistically significant differences between the so-called dominant and non-dominant hands in male subjects (t=4.158; p<0.05) and female subjects (t=3.176; p<0.05). The obtained results of this research will be used for analytical and diagnostic purposes with a wide range of activities in the population of physical education and sports students (assessment of physical ability, trends, and tendencies to monitor and change abilities, influence on the implementation of certain curricula of some subjects studied at the faculty, etc.).

Subcutaneous adipose tissue (skin folds) is a disruptive factor in many sports that overcome the force of gravity, including volleyball. In the field of volleyball, it is imperative to identify the anthropometric constitution, where the amount ofsubcutaneous adipose tissue plays a significant role. The study included 18 active players of the women's volleyball club Jahorina from Pale (BH=173±8.77cm;BW=66.04±9.09kg; BMI=22.03±2.19kg/m2, age=19.11±2.63), a member of thevolleyball Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina with the main goal to analyze and determine the percentage of adipose fat as an indicator of physical status. Yuhasz skinfold test (Biceps skinfold, Triceps skinfold, Subscapular skinfold, Suprailiac skinfold, Abdomen skinfold, Front thigh skinfold, Rear thigh skinfold) was applied to assess skin folds. Measurements were performed with a skin fat measuring instrument (Caliper GIMA-model Plicometro, Italy) in accordance with the ISAK protocol. Statistical data processing included central and dispersion parameters andPearson's correlation coefficients. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that 30% of significant ICC p<,05;p<0,01;p<0,001 were achieved. The percentage of skin folds of Jahorina volleyball players in body weight is 16.16% (12 kg), and body fat mass is 54.04 kg. Based on the obtained results, the amount of adipose tissue can be concluded that our sample is within the allowed values recommended for this population, and that amount is lower compared to previous research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24040/sjss.2021.7.1.64-74

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of gross motor skills in ASD children during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Participants in this study were ASD children with a total of 25 children aged 8-12 years (M = 10.02;SD 1.27), who were selected by random sampling technique. This research instrument is the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2). Data analysis in this study is descriptive analysis. The results of gross motor skills show that 20 ASD children are in the average standard score of 4-5 (gross motor question = 70-79) in the low assessment category (80.00%) and 5 ASD children are in the average standard score of 1-3 (gross motor question = <70) is included in the very low assessment category (20.00%). Therefore, the majority of the total gross motoric data for ASD children are in the low category, namely 20 children or 80.00%. This research is not without limitations in its implementation. This research contributes to the implementation of future research, namely the need for treatment to optimize Gross Motor skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The urgency for proper and measurable treatment and the limitations of this study are important things to pay attention to for further research. © 2021 by authors, all rights reserved.

The “Tendinitis of Achilles tendon” (TAT) or "Achilles tendon ruptures" (ATR) symptom is a very delicate problem which needs to be solved as soon as the first symptoms appear. It is necessary to conduct a correct anamnesis of the problem, to determine the diagnosis and method of treatment, as well as the introduction of controlled exercises that can contribute to a faster recovery so that the sportsman, an athlete can bring their body to its form and continue training and competition. Athletes often develop inflammation of tendons called tendinitis. This disease can affect only the tendon or tendon wrap or both at the same time. In the case of isolated inflammation of the tendon wrap, what hap-pens is swelling and thickening, which makes sliding (moving) of the tendon within its shell difficult, causing creaking or cracking (crepitation). The most common locus of inflammation of the tendon is on the back side of the lower half of the forearm and lower leg. Tendinopathy of Achilles tendon predominantly occurs in the jumpers (long jump, triple jump), javelin throwers, runners on tracks from 200m to 1500m and long-distance runners.

Background and Study Aim. Athletic jumps are specific cyclically-acyclic movements that despite the good performance of the techniques require from competitors a high level of motor, specific-motor and functional abilities. The aim of this study was to examine the response effect of vertical and horizontal plyometric training on explosive capacity and kinetic variables in long jump athletes. Material and Methods. The participants of this study were twenty professional jumpers (22.5 ± 4.2 years; 178.4 ± 9.8 cm; 70.3 ± 7.6 kg) who were divided into two groups: experimental (plyometric training) and control (standard training). They participated in the last track and field championship in country, moreover, three of them participated in the last Asian games, and one athlete participated in the world track and field championship. The experiments were conducted on June-July 2019 in twenty professional athletes. All tests were performed after a standard warm up protocol. The place of camera was always determined wisely around the jumping field to attain best photography. Organizing and controlling the imaging and motor analysis processes were done by a biomechanics expert. Results. Post training results in experimental group showed more improvement in 30 m sprint, vertical jump, horizontal velocity at take-off, and long jump completion, comparing the control group. Significant between group differences in all variables were detected post training. No significant post training improvements in flight time and take off duration were reported in control group. Conclusion. Vertical and horizontal plyometric training protocol was shown to be more effective in promoting improvement in explosive capacity than kinetic variables.

Race walking (RW) is a cyclic athletic discipline, of aerobic character, which is characterized by high intensity and high energy consumption. The result is correlated with the anthropological dimensions of the walker as well as good technical performance. The study includes 25 male students, third year of study, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in East Sarajevo. For the purposes of the research, the results of RW at 2km (criterion variable) were measured, on the basis of which average values of walking speed (WS) were calculated. The aim of the research was to determine the correlation between the achieved result depending on the walking speed. By applying the Pearson product of the correlation moment, the obtained results confirmed a significant and high correlation between the result and the walking speed (r = -0.988; p<0.05) with an inverse function that confirms the high dependence of the result on the WS. Article visualizations:

Defining the profile of runners for medium and long distances, in addition to adequate analysis of anthropometric characteristics, body composition, involves the detection and evaluation of motor (physical) abilities, which are often defined by the term fitness profile. Based on good detection, analysis and evaluation of these parameters, it is possible to propose and define the so-called future fitness model runners. The results will be all the more relevant if the fitness profile of top-level runners is evaluated with notable results. The current study analyzes the fitness profile of U.G., a middle and long distance runner who has exceptional results at the national level in the 3000m (8:37.06min) and 5000m (15:04.05min).

In athletic sprint disciplines, the segments of start and start acceleration occupy an important place that significantly generates the final outcome of the race. The question is to what extent the start time of the reaction (latent time) has a contribution to achieving the results of sprint disciplines. The aim of the current research was to determine the influence and connection between the reaction time and the result performance of running in the disciplines of 100 m, 200 m, 400 m finalists of ten world championships. The results of a total of 456 finalists (231 men) and 225 (women) competitors who competed in the final races of the championships (from Edmonton, 2001 to Doha, 2019) were analyzed. The evaluation of the start reaction time and sprint results was based on reports officially published by the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF). Central and dispersion parameters were calculated for all variables. The relationship between reaction time and sprint results was calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficient, and simple regression analysis determined the direct influence of reaction time on the result success and calculated the relevant coefficients for the level of statistical significance p < 0.05. Based on the obtained results, a positive but low correlation was recorded between the mean values of the 100 m sprint results and the reaction time in men (r = 0.230p<0.044), which was also confirmed by regression analysis. In other correlations and values of regression coefficients, no significant numerical values of the influence of reaction time on the result success were recorded in both categories of finalists.

Race walking (RW) is a cyclic athletic discipline, of aerobic character, which is characterized by high intensity and high energy consumption. The result is correlated with the anthropological dimensions of the walker as well as good technical performance. The study includes 25 male students, third year of study, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in East Sarajevo. For the purposes of the research, the results of RW at 2km (criterion variable) were measured, on the basis of which average values of walking speed (WS) were calculated. The aim of the research was to determine the correlation between the achieved result depending on the walking speed. By applying the Pearson product of the correlation moment, the obtained results confirmed a significant and high correlation between the result and the walking speed (r = -0.988; p<0.05) with an inverse function that confirms the high dependence of the result on the WS.

Aim: Undergraund Farmakology of Black Marked such as are Anabolic steroids wich are irational abused by young recreational bodybuilder are in hidden epidemic connection with fast muscle gain and increased cardiovascular risk. Many young recreational bodybuilders beisides syntetic testestorone derivats, different testosteron esters and supplements search for alternative methods to improve effectes of muscle gain. Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) with connection of abuse of stacking anabolic steroids in recreational bodybuilders still stay generally and worldwide unexplored leaving lots of unfilled gaps. Methodology: This study was conducted from beginning of May, 2018 till end of december 2018 at the Clinic of cardiovascular Surgery, department for vascular and endovascular surgery, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Special Hospital dr.Solakovic Department for Hyperbaric medicine (BIH) Head of Center for Hyperbaric medicine and chronic wound treatment Banja Luka (BIH), Private Hyperbaric and General Practice Therapy Centar Split and faculty Physical education and Sport Sarajevo included 72 subjects age 20-30 (36 of them went to hyperbaric chamber and used anabolic supplements while, 36 don’t went to hyperbaric chamber only used anabolic steroids). Potential Cardiovascular Side Effects are investigated For the testing of statistical significance of differences between the examined groups parameter tests were used. The difference at a level of p<0,05 was statistically significant. Results: In all tested subjects we investigated increasing potential damage of cardiovascular parameters age 20-30 years after two years study. Analysis shows the no statistically significant influence of recoverry and strength improvment in (HBOT) Treat dacetate group, compared to non Trenbolone acetate abuser group (p<0,005). Conclusion: Anabolic steroid stacking have generally efective potential abusing impact on skeletomuscular system it is unsignificant that oxgen therapy can provide such benefit in strength like anabolic steroids but certainly can improve recovery after hard working effort in a gym.