CONFLICT OF INTEREST: NONE DECLARED In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Medical informatics has been a separate subject for the last 15 years with regard to Medical curriculum at the biomedical faculties in the country (1,2). Education in the field of Medical informatics is based on the concept which is used in developed countries, according to the recommendations of the working groups EDU – Education of Medical Informatics, of the European Federation for Medical Informatics (EFMI) and International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA). Theoretical and practical teaching and training performance as a whole is performed by use of the computer equipment, and the final knowledge check of the students is also performed using the Data Base Management System MS Access specifically designed to cover full teaching and training material by using question sets in the data base which encircled nearly 1500 question combinations. The distance learning is logical step that can further improve this method of education. In this paper, authors present 15 years of experience of Medical informatics education at biomedical faculties in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Medical Informatics, as an obligatory subject, was introduced to the biomedical faculties in Sarajevo (medical, dental and pharmaceutical as well as the High medical school) in 1992 and 1993. Students have practical computer exercises for a period of 7 weeks. Students had training in Excel, Word etc. During the semester, the students perform specific operation such as creation of data carrier for manipulation with medical information. The information was analyzed by statistical program such as Excel. From 2002 years Medical Informatics is divided in two parts in order to facilitate data processing and other procedure that are necessary to perform at time when student’s knowledge of medicine is sufficient for practicing specific tasks that include management the data about patient, anamnesis and similar parameters cause we noticed that students without such knowledge cannot figure out the whole picture without difficulties. The Theoretical part of examination is done using the multiple choice answer form provided by special software with randomly selected questions for each student. Such way of practical and theoretical path of final exam make possible to perform such procedures such as electronic registration for exam and distance testing. Possibilities of introduction of distance learning in medical curriculum are the title of project which has been realizing at Cathedra for medical Informatics, Medical faculty since year 2002. Our undergraduate and postgraduate students are satisfied with contents and organization of the teaching process.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: NONE DECLARED Neck pain syndrome is described as: Pain in the neck affects at least once in a lifetime every second person, and also 10 % of adult population suffers from chronic pain in this area. It is more often among women. A constant increase of incidence in the industrialized countries is noticed. It is also the leading cause of referral to physical rehabilitation. It is causing huge financial costs in the health care system. There is no consensus regarding Neck pain syndrome management, but many therapeutic modalities are applied: a) to isolate (or manage) rare, but potentially dangerous states that can cause neck pain; b) identify and treat each co morbid state and risk factors; c) provide resources and information’s, especially about regarding use computers in dayly practice. Physical and manual treatments can be: a) physical therapy can assist to achieve early mobilization and return to daily activities; b) active physical therapy , mobilization, manipulation and exercises can assure short time relief of neck pain; c) home based exercises, as shown by this research, can significantly prolong the pain free period, in case of patients with the chronic syndrome; d) Medications, combined with the exercise program and ergonomic improvements can be effective solution for the chronic or recurrent neck pain. Intensive treatments in Neck pain syndrome are: a) Surgical and other intensive treatment (rarely indicated); b) invasive treatments includes and percutaneous radiofrequent neurotomy and cervical epidural analgesis.

There is no such science as medicine where half life is 7 years, what means that in 3-4 years 50% of current knowledge will be wrong. If doctors use old techniques and methods then they will cure patients wrongly. Very fast and rapid increase of biomedical sciences and medical information in certain way force medical professionals to continuity learning in order to stay update. In this project a quantitative method of examination has been used. For the purposes of the research a survey questionnaires were created consisted of 28, 35 and 18 questions for all three groups of examinees. Beside general characteristics (sex, age, faculty, and year of studies) the questionnaire included questions referring to the variables of structure, process and results in the system of education. Authors used Lickert five degree scale for the evaluation. Total of 521 students of the faculties of biomedical science in Sarajevo were surveyed; students of the Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine (Stomatology), Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing College, students of final year and postgraduate students from Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo. On the basis of survey results authors concluded that the following should be done: The reform needs to be carried out in accordance with possibilities and needs, general faculty rules should include regulations that refer to insuring the quality of education, a continuous quality of studying needs to be insured - internal and external evaluation of the quality of work of respective education institution needs to be carried out, education standards need to be set, i.e. minimum knowledge and skills which a student needs to gain during studies is to be set, curriculums and programs need to be harmonized with countries in the region and Western Europe, Regular evaluation of lecturers needs to be done, Increase of size and content of the practical part of teaching needs to be encouraged as well as distance learning organized on Cathedra for Medical Informatics and Family Medicine at Faculty of Medicine in Sarajevo, increase of international and regional mobility of students needs to be encouraged, students need to be included in the faculty reform, panel discussions need to be organized where students will be informed on the reform progress, where students can talk about their problems, give suggestions and solutions to certain situations. Students are motivated to study further when their ideas are accepted, the number of books in libraries needs to increase in accordance with financial possibilities and audio/visual and electronic aids need to be purchased and in place. Concept of quality incorporates at least three dimensions and has three different meanings. Those are: - Comparative meaning in terms of the level of perfectionist, - Quantitative meaning in terms of the level accessed and - Appropriateness for certain purpose. Objective of this study is to begin process of improvement of educational process at biomedical faculties at University of Sarajevo, but ultimate goal of all involved in medical education should be large number of health professionals who will be able to work independently and cure patients in best manner in 21st century.

The history of transplantation is a scientific journey describing the medical community's effort to understand how the human body works. Humans have long realized the possibilities which transplantation of organs and tissue provides. Throughout history people have always been intrigued by the possibilities of the transplantation of organs and tissues. In the 6th Century BC Indian surgeons described how to reconstruct facial wounds by transplanting skin from one place on the body to the other. During the middle age there were many references in historical medical literature of attempted blood transfusions as well as the transplantation of teeth. A skin transplant and a corneal transplant were reported in medical journals dating as far back as 1880. These early attempts were usually unsuccessful. Early in the twentieth century transplantation started to offer the promise of restored health and life. One of the exceptional medical advances of the twentieth century, organ transplantation has become a routine treatment for patients with organ failure which was a goal.

OBJECTIVE Depression is more than just a mood disorder, it is a real illness that not only affects one's mood and thoughts but also appetite, sleep patterns and one's self esteem. Today by primary care physician every fourth patient is diagnosed with depressive disorder where 15% of them try or commit suicide. Objective is to correlate importance, frequency, & recognizing physical symptoms who indicate depressive disorder. METHODS Research pooled sample of 33 female patients who seek medical attention with numerous physical pains which had no organic cause (n = 33). Participant's average age was 46. They were mainly unemployed and single mothers with one or more children. Seven physical symptoms were observed before, during diagnosis and their existence after two months of anti-depression therapy. They are: a) headaches; b) rapid heartbeat; c) dizziness or hightheadedness; d) shortness of breath; e) increased sweating; f) stomach aches; g) nausea. Research took place between June and December 2007 in the office of family medical practice. Data was collected & analyzed using program SPSS14. RESULTS In the beginning of disorder, the physical symptoms are milder and increasing with time and development of disorder. The most common physical symptoms, headaches, rapid heartbeat, dizziness or lightheadedness, and nausea are present before and after anti-depressive or anxiolytic therapies. Statistical analysis differentiating number of symptoms before and after therapy shows 5% decrease. After two months of treatment physical symptoms, headaches, rapid heartbeat, and nausea remain where dizziness or lightheadedness, stomach aches, increased sweating or breath-shortness largely respond to therapy. CONCLUSION The research shows physical symptoms take significant place in recognizing depressive disorder. They are accompanying symptoms of depressive disorder. Most common physical symptoms of depressive disorder are: headaches, rapid heartbeat, dizziness or lightheadedness, and nausea. There is significant statistical difference in the number of physical symptoms before and after anti-depressive and anxiolytic therapies.

This paper focuses on the importance of adaptation of evidence based clinical practice guidelines (CPG) in developing countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina in a culturally competent way. Evidence based CPG guidelines are not routinely used in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first adapted, evidence-based guideline on the care of women requesting induced abortion was published in 2007 following a 2004 publication by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (RCOG) (Evidence-based Clinical Guideline Number 7, ‘The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion’). The first adapted clinical guideline initiated the development of a second one related to secondary prevention of cervical carcinoma. Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) were used to assess the development of clinical practice guidelines with the purpose of assuring methodological quality. After receiving permission, electronic searches of medical databases were performed to identify research performed in international settings similar to ours and research that took place after the publication of the RCOG guideline. 226 articles were selected, yielding 68 recommendations related to clinical assessment questions. Using expert consensus and external reviews, recommendations were generated that provided the clinical guideline development group with an evidence base from which to make recommendations on the best possible clinical practice. Variation in values, needs, costs and resources were considered systematically in order to make a decision about which policies should be implemented locally. For the first time in B&H, the evidenced-based clinical guideline development process fostered a supportive environment for educating health care providers on evidence based methodology, and new evidence based guidelines can be initiated for potential health care providers.

Among famous Arabic doctor belongs also Ibn Al-Haitam (known in the west as Alhazen) which is considered to be the greatest Muslim doctor and one of the greatest researches of optics for all times. Al Haitam is born in city Basra and immigrated to Egypt during reign of Caliph Al Hakim. He is quoted as excellent astronomer, mathematician and doctor as well as one of the best commentators of the Galen and Aristotle's work. He is the first medical scholar who teaches that light "does not originates from the eye but on opposite enters the eye", and in that manner corrects the wrong opinion of the Greeks about the nature of vision. According to this scholar retina is the center of vision and the impressions that it receives are transferred to the brain by the optical nerve, in order that brain afterwards create visual image in the symmetrical relationship for both retinas. Al-Haitam was the most important researcher of optics in Islam. He was convinced that the adequate theory of vision must combine Euclid and Ptolemy "mathematical" approach and "physical doctrine of the naturalists. The result of his reflections in the paper "Optics", supported by the experimental approach, is the new theory of vision, much richer and perfected than any before. He thought that light and color, two physical features that exist independently from the observed subject, in strait lines originates from the each point of visible object. Al Haitam concludes that what we perceive is actually the object which is on a certain distance from the eye and which have certain shape and size, and vision itself is the result of intervention by the visual material received by the brain and stored information's from previous experiences. Reception hypothesis (intromission) Al-Haitam exposed to mathematical testing, and then incorporated into already developed perception theory, which is still not completely explored by historians. In his experiments he used "dark chambers", trying to confirm the features of light, such as expansion in straight lines, reflexion and refraction of the light beams. Basic stand point which he supported was that the vision is the result of impression which light leaves on the sight sense, he supported it based on the experience that the eye "retains an image" or has pain when looking into bright light. Theory of vision by Haitam Optics, written in Egypt during the first half of XI century, overmatches Galen, Euclid and Ptolemy ones.

Organized health services in Bosnia and Herzegovina started with the foundation of several vakuf hospitals (in Sarajevo, Tuzla, Banja Luka, Mostar and Travnik) financed by the fund of the Gazi Husrev-beg vakuf. In these hospitals services was provided by the qualified health professionals, mainly educated at the schools of medicine in Turkey, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland and other countries. Majority of them worked as civil and military physicians in the above mentioned vakuf hospitals, but also in the Turkey army hospitals situated in the all larger settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the period when B&H was managed by the Turkey and Austro-Hungarian empire there was no specialized ophthalmology services. During the Austro-Hungarian management there was a Surgical-oculist department within the Land Hospital in Sarajevo, which treated 4.47% of patients with eye diseases, among total number of in-patients, and according to the health service at the end of year 1900, during that year there there was 3238 general surgeries and 633 ophthalmology surgeries performed. In the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, beside establishment of the independent Eye department within the General State hospital in Sarajevo, in1923, also started development of the ophthalmology service within Surgical Department in Mostar, which was lead in 1929 by the ophthalmologist, and which grew in 1931 into independent Eye Department, as the second of that type in B&H. Specialized ophthalmology service in Banja Luka started to develop within the Surgery Department in 1931, and independent Eye Department was founded in 1945. Medical Faculty in Sarajevo was founded on 16th November 1946. Also on founded on the same day is the Eye Clinic, and appointed as its first director was Professor Vladimir Cavka MD., one of the first full time professors of the Medical Faculty in Sarajevo, founder of the Peoples society of B&H (Academy of Sciences and Arts of B&H) and the magazine, Medicinski arhiv" (Medical Archives). Founded afterwards was the medical faculties in Tuzla (1976), Banja Luka (1978), Foca (1994) and Mostar (1997) as well as Eye clinic with the departments for ophthalmology. At the time when the Medical Faculty and Eye Clinic in Sarajevo was formed there was three other eye departments in B&H: Mostar, Banja Luka, and Army hospital in Sarajevo, while the other regions and larger cities during the early post war period, did not have ophthalmology services. Prominent development of eye department at the general hospitals within regional medical centers, and later in few larger municipalities in B&H started at the eighties of the last century. Large and important role in promotion of ophthalmology in B&H have Association of ophthalmologist of B&H, which organized series of scientific and professional meetings, and medical ophthalmology journal "Yugoslav ophthalmology archives" which, while it was continuously published, published more than 1000 scientific and professional papers from field of ophthalmology, by authors from all republics of former Yugoslavia.

At the end of IX and beginning of the X century begins development and renaissance of the medicine called Arabic, and which main representatives were: Ali at-Taberi, Ahmed at-Taberi, Ar-Razi (Rhazes), Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Magusi (Haly), ibn al-Baitar, ibn al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), ibn Sina (Avicenna), ibn al-Haitam (Alhazen), ibn Abi al-Ala Zuhr (Avenzor), ibn Rushd (Averroes) and ibn al-Nafis. Doctors Taberi, Magusi and Razi were born as Persians. Each of the listed great doctors of the Arab medicine in their own way made legacy to the medical science and profession, and left lasting impression in the history of medicine. Majority of them is well known in the West well and have their place in the text-books as donors of significant medical treasure, without which medicine would probably, especially the one at the Middle dark century, be pale and prosaic, insufficiently studied and misunderstood, etc. Abdullah ibn Sina (Avicenna) remained unsurpassed in the series of above listed. Close to him can only come Alauddin ibn al-Nafis, who will in mid-XII century rebut some of the theories made by Avicenna and all his predecessors, from which he collected material for his big al-Kanun fit-tibb (Cannon of medicine). Cannon will be commended for centuries and fulfilled with new knowledge. One of the numerous and perhaps the best comments-Excerpts is from Nafis-Mugaz al-Quanun, article published as a reprint in War Sarajevo under the siege during 1995 in Bosnian language, translated from Arabic by the professor Sacir Sikiric and chief physician Hamdija Karamehmedovic in 1961. Today, at least 740 years since professor from Cairo and director of the Hospital A-Mansuri in Cairo Alauddin ibn Nefis (1210-1288), in his paper about pulse described small (pulmonary) blood circulatory system and coronary circulation. At the most popular search engines very often we can find its name, especially in English language. Majority of quotes about al-Nafis are on Arabic or Turkish language, although Ibn Nafis discovery is of world wide importance. Author of this article is among rare ones who in some of the indexed magazines emphasized of that event, and on that debated also some authors from Great Britain and USA in the respectable magazine Annals of Internal medicine. Citations in majority mentioning other two "describers" or "discoverers" of pulmonary blood circulation, Miguel de Servet (1511-1553), physician and theologian, and William Harvey (1578-1657), which in his paper "An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Hearth and Blood in Animals" published in 1628 described blood circulatory system. Ibn Nafis is due to its scientific work called "Second Avicenna". Some of his papers, during centuries were translated into Latin, and some published as a reprint in Arabic language. Significance of Nafis epochal discovery is the fact that it is solely based on deductive impressions, because his description of the small circulation is not occurred by in vitro observation on corps during section. It is known that he did not pay attention to the Galen theories about blood circulation. His prophecy sentence say: "If I don't know that my work will not last up to ten thousand years after me, I would not write them" Sapient sat. Searching the newest data about all three authors: Alauddin ibn Nafis (1210-1288), Michael Servetus (1511-1533) and William Harvey (1628) in the prestige Wikipedia I manage to link several most relevant facts, based on which we can in more details explain to whom from these three authors the glory and the right to call them self first describer of the pulmonary and cardiac circulation belongs. About Servetus and Harvey there is much more data than on ibn Nafis, about which on Google there are mainly references in Arabic and Turkish language, and my four references on Bosnian, with the abstracts in English. Probably the language barrier was one of the key reasons that we know so little about Nafis and so little is written, although respectable professor Fuat Sezgin from Frankfurt in 1997 published comprehensive monograph about this great physician, scientist and explorer, in which papers we can clearly recognize detailed description of the pulmonary and cardiac circulation. Also, I personally published separate monographs about this scientist, and which can be found on www. avicenapublisher.org.

Introduction: In spite of great impact of Medical informatics on standardization of education for health professionals and to all stakeholders in healthcare systems and medical staff in order to train them how to control healthcare costs, patient safety and utilization of information technology, complex political structure in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused big difference in curriculums, teachingmethods and quality of knowledge gained amongmedical faculties in the country. Proposing teaching process at Medical Faculty, University of Sarajevo, authors would like to propose pattern of potential united and integrated work in this area in the future.

Today, at least 740 years since professor and director of the Al Mansouri Hospital in Cairo Ibn al-Nafis (1210-1288), in his paper about pulse described small (pulmonary) blood circulatory system. At the most popular web search engines very often we can find its name, especially in English language. Majority of quotes about Ibn Nefis are on Arabic or Turkish language, although Ibn Nefis discovery is of world wide importance. Author Masić I. (1993) is among rare ones who in some of the indexed journals emphasized of that event, and on that debated also some authors from Great Britain and USA in the respectable magazine Annals of Internal Medicine. Citations in majority mentioning other two "describers" or "discoverers" of pulmonary blood circulation, Michael Servetus (1511-1553), physician and theologist, and William Harvey (1578-1657), which in his paper "Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus" published in 1628 described blood circulatory system. Ibn Nefis is due to its scientific work called "Second Avicenna". Some of his papers, during centuries were translated into Latin, and some published as a reprint in Arabic language. Professor Fuat Sezgin from Frankfurt published a compendium of Ibn Nefis papers in 1997. Also, Masić I. (1997) has published one monography about Ibn Nefis. Importance of Ibn Nefis epochal discovery is the fact that it is solely based on deductive impressions, because his description of the small circulation is not occurred by observation on corps during section. It is known that he did not pay attention to the Galen's theories about blood circulation. His prophecy sentence say: "If I don't know that my work will not last up to ten thousand years after me, I would not write them". Sapient sat.

Patient safety is key factor in the process of health care improvement. World Health Organization (WHO) as coordinating authority for health within the United Nations launched a World Alliance for Patient Safety dedicated to bringing significant benefits to patients. Patients for Patient Safety, one of ten action areas of the World Alliance, is designed to ensure that the perspective of patients and families, consumers and citizens, is a central reference point in shaping this important work. This action area is led by the patient safety consumer movement. In Bosnia and Herzegovina has not State Law to regulate patient safety, but Law on the System of Quality and Safety Improvement, and Accreditation in Healthcare in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB&H) established Agency for Quality and Accreditation in the Health Care System of the FB&H as a competent entity in the field of improvement of quality and safety, and accreditation in healthcare. Beside the Agency, all service providers need to promote a culture of openness, fairness, accountability and transparency. Also, stakeholders involved in health care should recognize that patients can actively contribute to strengthening thũality and safety of health servicesthrough active participation and to insist on open dialogue, transparency and appropriate information on the potential risks that the health service incurs, as part of enhancing patient health literacy and involvement.

UNLABELLED Headache can be manifested as primary disorder or it is a secondary symptom of some other illnes. Electroencephalography (EEG) is electrodiagnostic method which registers electric activity of brain cells and by this method therapeutic effect of single medicaments can be followed by comparing of EEG before and after medication. The aim of work was to test if there are changes in EEG in headaches under the influence of naproxen and sumatriptan in the acute attack of headache and during the prevention of often attacks of pain. PATIENTS, METHODS AND RESULTS The retrospectiveprospective study was conducted on 92 patients, average age of 42.9 with regular CT of cranium, craniogram and fundus. They were divided in two groups based on drugs they were taking for the prevention or treatment of acute attack of pain. Group A 44 patients preventively took naproxen in the daily dose of 550 mg and in acute attack of pain sumatriptan and group B 48 patients in the acute attack of pain took sumatripanin one dose of 50 mg. Two EEG were recorded before and after medication and concentration of certain waves in EEG was followed. Statistics proved that there is no statistic difference in the EEG before and after medication. Hi square test (Hi Sq. = 1.087) does not show statistically important difference within the number of patients divided in groups, significance is on leve p = 0.297. T-test does not show existence of statistically important difference between concentration of Alpha, beta, teta and delta waves in starting EEG and in EEG at the end of testing after taking on Naproxen 550 mg daily for one month for group A and a pill of Sumatriptan in the acute attack for group B. CONCLUSION It means that naproxen and sumatriptan at patients with headaches do not cause changes in EEG, nor percent concentration of single waves in starting and control EEG and statistically significant reduce pain at tested patients with vascular headaches.

Diagnosis of primarly cardiomypathies refers to genes discorders in chromosomes. Aim of this paper is to show genetics and molecular knowledges published so far. Familiar form hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is hereditable autosomatically dominantly in any of 10 genes that regulate contractile, structural and regulative function with predomination of mutation in gene for heavy chaire of myocardiac beta myosin localized at 14 chromosome (more than 200 mutation). Sporadic forms appears autosomatically recessively as the result of new mutation or as non-genetic form. Familiar dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with mutation more than 10 genes with frequent mutation of genes (beta myosin of heavy chain, cardiac T throponin, phospholamban and cardiospecific free methavinculin genes) and with clinical features that are mainly uknown (associated with peripheral myopathies). Restrictive cardiomyopathy is considered that the idiopathic restrictice cardiomyopathies has, also, hereditable atiology. A lot of the ries explain genes of this cardiomyopathy with predomination of heredithy with autosomatically dominant type (desmoplacin mutation) with variable expression of genes at 14, 1, 2, 3, 17 and 18 chromosome with programmed myocit death-apoptosis.

The experience in our surrounding throughout many years, based on Europeans and Worlds standards of health care service, gives the advantage to the Primary Health Care Service, with well educated family doctors and nurses who work in a community and give cheaper and quality health service. The paper presents a view of Family Medicine development in B&H during the last thirty years, and the most important projects realized in that period.