Influenza is one of the most common respiratory diseases in the world, annually causing over one million of deaths. It is triggered by one of the types of influenza viruses (A, B or C). Most usually, it assumes the form of epidemic disease, sometimes it is a pandemic, and is very rare as a sporadic disease. In temperate zones, the influenza occurs seasonally - during the cold months of a year. In tropics, however, it occurs throughout the year, though the highest number of patients is registered during the rainy seasons. Influenza is a mild disease for young and healthy persons; however, if affecting those with a weakened immune system, it can lead to complications and even to death. The only effective preventive measure is vaccination, which precludes the disease. So far, no consensus is reached on whether the vaccination should be compulsory or recommended and who should be vaccinated. In most European countries, vaccination is recommended for certain categories of the population, while the United States recommend it to the entire population above six months of age.

Introduction: During the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which lasted from 1992-1995, the functioning of all sectors was disturbed, including the health sector. The priority of the heath sector was treatment and less attention was paid to prevention, and this applies also to the Program of implementation of obligatory immunization, as one of the most important prevention measures. This program was conducted with difficulty and sometimes was completely interrupted because of the lack of necessary vaccines and the inability of adequate maintenance of the cold chain. It was difficult and sometimes completely impossible to bring children to vaccination. Because of these problems, a great number of children stayed unvaccinated so they suffered from vaccine-preventable diseases several years after the war. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective epidemiological study. We analyzed data from January 1994 to July 2014 in Canton Sarajevo, and data about measles outbreak in 2014. Results: In the period from January 1994 to July 2014, 3897 vaccine-preventable diseases were registered in Canton Sarajevo. Among them measles, rubella and mumps were the most frequent. In March 2014, measles outbreak was registered. Almost all cases are unvaccinated (99%) and 43% of all cases are connected with failure of vaccination during the war. Conclusion: During the war, routine immunization program was disrupted in Bosnia and Herzegovina (also in Canton Sarajevo). The consequences are presented as vaccine preventable diseases cases.

Introduction: Air pollution occurs when the concentration of certain substances (pollutants) reaches a size which causes its toxicity, or in other words, begins to cause harm to human health, fl ora and wildlife.Methods: Measurements were performed in the period from 2005 to 2010, at the measuring point Bjelave-Sarajevo by the method of Griess-Saltzmann. It encompasses the following parameters: NO, NO2, NOx, measured concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere reduced to normal atmospheric conditions of 293 K (Kelvin) and pressure of 101.3 kPa (kilopascal).Results: NO concentration in the period from 2005 to 2008 was above the permitted value, but the results of research in the period between 2009 and 2010, have shown that there was a decrease in NO concentration in the atmosphere. Measurements show that the concentration of this pollutant is currently declining, which is a positive result compared to the pollution of the atmosphere by nitrogen monoxide. Furthermore, the results of the research showed that the concentration of NO2 for the period of 2005 to 2010, is in the limited values, and that has a decreasing trend, which is also a positive result compared to the pollution of the atmosphere by nitrogen dioxide. Related to the total concentration of NOx in the atmosphere, the results of the research show that their representation corresponds to the limit values existing in the Rulebook on limit values for air quality.Conclusion: The results of the research for the pollution of the atmosphere by nitrogen oxides in the investigated area show that the amount of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere is in constant decline.

Introduction: Sharp injuries are the main type of accident in health care institutions because health care workers are often exposed to the risk of injuring during their regular activities. These are most often needle-stick, scalpel or other sharp objects injuries which are often contaminated with blood or other body fluids of other persons. Such kind of injuries are important because of the exposure to blood and other body fluids, which represents a risk of intake of patogenous microorganisms from these objects into the body of the injured person. The most frequent diseases that occur as a consequence of injuring in health care institutions are viral hepatitis type B, C and HIV/AIDS. Aim of work: To investigate the frequency of injuries in health care institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Materials and Methods: This work is a cross sectional analytical study. This research is conducted using a questionnaire, made anonymously and voluntarily. Results are analysed according to age, sex structure, profession, work experience, type of object and type of exposure. Results: In our research 68% of examinees had some kind of injury at work. In 56% of cases it was a needle-stick injury. In 48% of cases blood was visible on the device. Some of them did not wear glows at the time of injuries. Examinees neglected the injury most often and over 75% of cases didn't notify anybody about the injury. The injury was rarely reported to a member of the Commission for Nosocomial infections. We need some additional researches and much more relevant data to create specific preventive measures for different working places in different health care settings. Our main goal is to reduce the risks of sharps injuries in health care professionals and to prevent blood-borne and other diseases.

Introduction: The work of nurses is human. They help people in protection against diseases. Nurses are the largest group of health workers and all problems that appear in the health system are first recognized among them. Burnout syndrome appears among nurses very frequently. We present the leading factors for burnout among nurses in RMC „Dr Safet Mujic“ in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.Methods: It is a cross sectional descriptive study. We used an anonymous questionnaire with 20 questions. Our sample was random with 30% of all nurses which were working in this Medical Center in January-February 2012.Results: In our study 77.9% nurses work in the hospital. 52% have over 16 years of work experience. 34.6% of examinees are satisfi ed with interpersonal relationships, 31.7 % are satisfi ed with relationships with the superior. Motivation for work have 51% of examinees, a big number comes unwilling on work.For 83.7% overtime work is the reason for dissatisfaction 71.2% examinees think that they can't make progress on work. A high percentage of examinees doesn't think about problems related to work outside working hours, a good sleep have 38.5% and 56.7% wakes up tired. Many of examinees are not satisfiedwith workplace, and 58.7% would like to change it.Conclusion: Nurses employed in RMC „Dr Safet Mujic“ Mostar are exposed to many factors during work which can cause the burnout syndrome. It is necessary to expand the study on a larger group of nurses and to implement the measures for reducing risks of burnout syndrome.

Conflict of interest: none declared. Introduction Travellers from Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) travel to different world countries. The awareness of people is changing every day and nowadays travellers seek advices related to their travel and destination more often than before. In the previous years, travellers came to Travel Clinics almost only to get the vaccines which were obligatory for entry into a country. In B&H travel clinics are a part of public health institutes. The largest Travel Clinic which provides service for the highest number of travellers is in the Public Health Institute of Sarajevo Canton, in the city of Sarajevo, which is the capital of B&H. In the last years we have seen an increasing interest for travel to Africa because the highest number of travellers travel to African countries. Objective To show the characteristics of persons travelling to Africa, the reasons of their travel, the destination countries and the types of vaccines applied. Materials and methods We used protocol books of the Travel Clinic in Public Health Institute of Sarajevo Canton and the data from individual forms of travellers. Results Persons travelling to Africa make 55% of all travellers that are advised and vaccinated in the Travel Clinic in Public Health Institute of Sarajevo Canton. There are significantly more men than women among people travelling to Africa. The highest number of travellers is in the category of working population which means age group of 20-50 years. The most visited countries are Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia and Ghana. Travellers received the following vaccines: yellow fever, VHA, VHB, meningitis, tetanus. All travellers were given the advice on how to dress, feed and protect against malaria.

Introduction: Selection of optimal nutrition for physical activity of sportsmen depends on several factors, and includes the type and duration of exercises, total energy consumption, time needed for recovery, andnutritional preferences. Proper nutrition of sportsmen relies on adequate combination and participation of all the macronutrients. The aim of this research was to analyse and determine the nutritional awareness andhabits of sportsmen depending on their age and type of sports they indulge.Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study undertaken from May to July 2011 on the sample of 100 examinees/sportsmen of the Football Club “Željeznicar“ and Basketball Club “Bosna“.Results: General awareness of sportsmen on basic principles of proper nutrition is unsatisfactory. Statisticalsignificance per type of sport and age of sportsmen is proved through representation of macronutrients in their nutrition. For 49.1% footballers and 52% sportsmen over 19 years of age the most important combinationof macronutrients resembles the model of carbohydrates-proteins-fats, while 48.9% of basketballers and sportsmen under 18 prefer proteins-carbohydrates-fats. The study had shown a statistically significantdifference (p=0.01) between the footballers and basketballers with regard to the type of meal they consume before the trainings.Conclusion: Insufficient knowledge on the subject reflects in bad nutritional habits, especially those related to the number and arrangement of daily meals in comparison to respective sports activities.

The most farms in the Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) raise live-stock and produce animal manure (solid or liquid farmyard manure, pig sludge or poultry manure). The problem is that the production, handling, transport and application of animal manures on most farms are not adequate. Because of wrong management of animal manures, they pose a significant source of environmental pollution, the greatest polluter in rural areas. The wrong application of animal manure on plant surface, especially that is eaten without cooking (salad, onion, tomato, strawberry), is the source of pathogen microbes wich may pollute plants. manure is a source of pathogen microbes wich may pollute water, plants and foodstuffs. most important among them are: protozoes (Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia sp.), bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli o157:H7, Salmonella sp., and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Brucellae, Bacilus antxracis), and various enteroviruses (poliovirus, coxsackie virus, echovirus, hepatitis A, rotavirus) The extension of environmental and food pollution by farmyard manures depends on the ways of animal manures production, storing, loading, transport and application. That pollution can be significantly reduced by proper manure management. Unfortunately, the improved methods of manure production and application are still not widely applied. The paper presents the ways how the environmental and foodstuffs pollution caused unproper manure management can be avoided.

Animal corpses and slaughterhouse confiscates are a special, very specific sort of waste. it has a huge ecological and economical importance, but also hygienic and epidemiologic. Animal corpses and slaughterhouse confiscates are biologically dangerous waste because they contain large amounts of microorganisms of which many are pathogenic and can cause diseases of other animals but also of humans. These diseases are called zoonoses. There are different diseaases that are transmitted on this way: Salmonellosis, Brucellosis, q-fever, Antrax and also different parasitoses: echinococcosis, trichinellosis, teniasis. microorganisms act differently in the external environment, some live short and some very long. for some microorganisms, the living and reproducing conditions are unfavorable in the environment and they form spores which can survive for many years. When the spores enter the organism of another animal or human on an adequate way, they can cause diseases. inadequate disposal of animal corpses and slaughterhouse confiscates is often and they are available for other animals, domestic and wild as well. This is infective waste. A special role in the spread of this infective material have stray dogs, birds, rodents and different insects. inadequate waste disposal gives a very bad estethic image to the area, which causes an uncomfortable feeling of people. disintegration of Animal corpses and slaughterhouse confiscates contaminates soil and underground water which are used for water suppling. Using of contaminated waters can cause different kind of diseases in humans.

Introduction: Water can support the growth of different microorganisms which may result in contamination. Therefore, the microbiological examination is required for testing the hygienic probity of water. In the study of microbial composition of untreated, natural spring and mineral water differences in the presence and number of bacteria during the two periods, winter and summer, are detectable.Methods: In our study, we analyzed and compared the following parameters, specified in the Rulebook: total bacteria and total aerobic bacteria (ml/22 and 37°C), total Coliform bacteria and Coliforms of fecalorigin (MPN/100ml), fecal streptococci as Streptococcus faecalis  (MPN/100ml), Proteus spp (MPN/100ml), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MPN/100 ml) Sulphoreducing Clostridia (cfu / ml). The paper is a retrospective study in which we processed data related to the period of 2005-2009 year. While working, we used the descriptive-analytical comparative statistical treatment.Results: The obtained results show statistically significant differences in the microbial composition of untreated water in the two observed periods,Conclusions: Findings were consequence of different weather conditions in these periods, which imply a number of other variable factors.