Kratak sadržaj - Istraživanja na životinjama su pokazala da intraneuralna primjena lokalnih anestetika može uzrokovati mehanicke ozljede i ishemiju živcanih vlakana. Prethodne studije su, međutim, koristile male životinje i klinicki irelevantnu brzinu ubrizgavanja ili opremu. Nasa hipoteza je da je intraneuralna injekcija pracena vecim injekcionim pritiskom i da dovodi do neuroloskog ostecenja kod svinja. Istraživanje je rađeno na 10 svinja. Nakon opce anestezije,obostrano su prikazani ishijadicni nervi (n = 20). Pod izravnom kontrolom, igla promjera 25 gejdža plasirana je ekstraperineuralno (n = 10) ili subperineuralno (n = 10) i aplicirano je 4 ml 2% lidokaina, pomocu automatske infuzione pumpe (15 ml / min). Podaci o injekcionom pritisku su dobiveni pomocu inline manometra povezanog s racunalom preko analognodigitalne kartice. Nakon ubrizgavanja, životinje su probuđene i podvrgnute serijskim neuroloskim pregledima, tokom 24 sata nakon intervencije. Sve, osim dvije perineuralne injekcije rezultirale su injekcionim pritiskom manjim od 20 psija. Nasuprot tome, intraneuralne injekcije su rezultirale znacajno vecim injekcionim pritiskom. Kod 7 (70%) intraneuralnih injekcija, pritisci su bili veci od 20 psija (20-50 psija). Neuroloska funkcija vratila se na pocetnu u roku od 24 sata kod svih

Studies in animals have suggested that intraneural application of local anesthetics may cause mechanical injury and pressure ischemia of nerve fascicles. Previous studies, however, have used small animal models and clinically irrelevant injection speed or equipment. Our hypothesis is that an intraneural injection is heralded by higher injection pressure and leads to neurologic impairment in pigs. Ten pigs of mixed breed were studied. After general anesthesia, the sciatic nerves (n = 20) were exposed bilaterally. Under direct vision, a 25-gauge insulated nerve block needle was placed either extraperineurally (n = 10) or subperineurially (n = 10), and 4 ml of preservative-free lidocaine 2% was injected using an automated infusion pump (15 ml / min). Injection pressure data were acquired using an in-line manometer coupled to a computer via an analog-to-digital conversion board. After injection, the animals were awakened and subjected to serial neurologic examinations during the 24 post-intervention hours. All but two perineural injections resulted in injection pressures below 20 psi. In contrast, intraneural injections resulted in significantly higher peak pressures. In 7 (70%) intraneural injections, the injections pressures were over 20 psi (20-50 psi). Neurologic function returned to baseline within 24 hours in all sciatic nerve receiving perineural injections. In contrast, residual neurologic impairment was present in 7 sciatic nerves after intraneural injection; residual neurologic impairment was associated with injection pressures > 20 psi. The results indicate that high injection pressure during intraneural injection may be indicative of intrafascicular injection and may predict the development of neurologic injury. Key words: nerve block, injection pressure, neurologic injury, pigs

The human hart is in most cases vascularized by two coronary arteries, the right and the left one. Supernumerary or added coronary arteries are also present sometimes. The aim of this paper is to ascertain presence of supernumerary coronary arteries that arise directly from aorta, their frequency, flow, way of branching, and possibly their anastomoses with other coronary arteries. Out of 25 hearts, examined by dissection, 8 of them (32%) had conal artery. According to our opinion, the most suitable term for this artery, in order to differ it clearly from the conal branch of the right coronary artery, is third coronary artery. One heart (4%) had four coronary arteries. Both supernumerary coronary arteries arose from the right aortic sinus. The third coronary artery represents a significant way of collateral coronary circulation, as it frequently anastomoses with anterior interventricular branch.

Cerebrovascular deseases , cerebral vessels deseases, represents one of the greatest problems of humankind. The reasons are not just the high incidence and relatively high prevalence of letal outcomes in the acute faze of the desease, but also high level of disfunctionality caused by this disease in numerous patients who survived cerebrovascular insult and haemorraghe The onset, course and outcome of cerebrovascular diseases depends among other things on the possibility o f colateral brain circulation establishment. Willis ring onthe base of the brain is the most important anastomosis between circulation in both carotid arteries and basilar artery. First precondition for Willis ring t o function as valvular mechanisam is its intact configuration. But, it is found in almost half of th e subjectsincluded in the study that certain anatomical abnormalities in the Willis ring structure exist. Presence of these abnormalities favors onset of vascular diseases since they unables colateral circulation establishment. Studies till now have shown that all components of Willis ring do not contribute equally in colateral function among obstructive diseases.

In this paper we dissected 50 human hearts obtained from the Department for Anatomy and Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicne, Sarajevo. Our interest was to show frequency of myocardial bridging on human heart coronary artery branches, their localisation and dimensions. Cross sections of coronary arteries segments in area of bridges, proximal and distal to it, were taken out from hearts on which dissection method showed presence of myocardial bridging of the coronary artery branches. Cuts were made 5microm-tick and coloured by Hematoxylin-eosine, Elastica Van Giesson, and Ladewig after having been fitted into paraffin wax. Preparations were behold mocroscopically and flow direction of myocardial bridge muscle fibres was followed regarding the artery wall, and it was analysed artery wall structure in the myocardial bridge area, proximal and distal to the bridge. Myocardial bridges werw found in 42% examined cases, and with the most frequent localisation on ramus interventricularis anterior (34%). Atherosclerotic change in the artery segments proximal to the myocardial bridge was detected by the histolopathological method and its intensity depended on the myocardial bridge length and years of age. In the area of the myocardial bridge, besided insignificant diffuse intima, there were not any other histopathological changes that would indicate an atherosclerotic process.

Proficiency in the anatomy of coronary arteries and their variations is significant for proper interpretation of the coronary angiographies, assessment of the complexity and result of the coronary insufficiency as well as surgical myocardium revascularization. The objective of this study is anatomy-radiology research of the methods of branching the main trunk of left coronary artery and to prove importance of the diagonal branch (ramus diagonalis) existence in the conditions of coronary insufficiency. In this study we have analyzed 100 coronary angiographies done at the Clinic for Heart Diseases and Rheumatism of the Clinic Center of University of Sarajevo and dissected 20 human hearts from the Institute of Anatomy. In our study we have come upon two methods of branching of main trunk of left coronary artery (bifurcation and trifurcation). By the method of the angiography we have found the bifurcation in 71% of cases while 65% of cases were proved by the dissection method. Trifurcation has been discovered in 29% of cases of analyzed angiographies i.e. 35% of cases of dissected hearts. We believe that third terminal branch of the left coronary artery should be marked as ramus diagonalis. This branch, including its anastomoses, presents important pattern of the collateral blood flow, which has special meaning, under conditions of coronary insufficiency.

In this work we have analyzed 512 coronary angiograms that were done during 2003 year at the Clinic for heart diseases and rheumatism of the University of Sarajevo Clinic Center (UCCS) and we have dissected 20 human hearts at the Institute for Anatomy. We strived to prove frequency of the muscular bridges on branches of the coronary artery, their localization and influence on the arteriosclerotic changes. Using coronary angiography method we consluded that the presence of the muscular bridges in observed population in 4.88% of cases, with the most frequent localization on the anterior interventricular branch (ramus interventricularis anterior). By dissection method the muscular bridges have been found in 55% of cases and the most frequent localization was on the anterior interventricular branch and branches of the right coronary artery. Smaller frequency of the muscular bridges, shown by the angiography method, can be explained by the fact that thick muscular bridges perform weak compression and because of that minimal systolic reduction of the lumen which can not be noticed by the angiography. The muscular bridges are four times frequent on males and they are the most frequent in the age group from 40 to 50 years. In the 88% of patients with the muscular bridges were found arteriosclerotic changes localized proximately from muscular bridge.