Background Understanding the anatomy and morphological variability of the orbital region is of great importance in clinical practice, forensic medicine, and biological anthropology. Several methods are used to estimate sex based on the skeleton or parts of the skeleton: classic methods and the geometric morphometric method. The objective of this research was to analyse sex estimation of the orbital region on a sample of skulls from a Bosnian population using the geometric morphometric method. Materials and Methods The research was conducted on three-dimensional models of 211 human adult skulls (139 males and 72 females) from the Osteological Collection at the Faculty of Medicine in Sarajevo. The skulls were recorded using a laser scanner to obtain skull 3D models. We marked 12 landmarks on each model to analyse sexual dimorphism. Landmarks were marked using the program Landmark Editor. After marking the landmarks, we used the MorphoJ program to analyse the morphological variability between male and female orbital regions. Results After Procrustes superimposition, generating a covariant matrix, and introducing sex as a variable for classification, a discriminant functional analysis (DFA) was applied which determined the estimation for males with 86.33% accuracy and for females with 88.89% based on the form of the orbital region. The results of regression analysis showed that the size of the orbital region has a statistically significant effect on its shape's sexual dimorphism. After excluding the influence of size and providing DFA, we concluded that sex estimation was possible with 82.01% accuracy for males and 80.55% accuracy for females based on the shape of the orbital region in the examined sample. Conclusion Sex estimation based on the orbital region was possible with more than 80% accuracy for both sexes, which is a high percentage of correct estimation. Therefore, we recommend using the orbital region of the skull for sex estimation.

OBJECTIVE The hard palate participates in the construction of the oral and nasal cavities and represents the bony barrier between them. Morphological differences of the hard palate are important for forensic medicine, anthropology, anatomy, as well as scientific branches dealing with the study of evolutionary development, populations differences. The aim of this study was to determine sexual dimorphism of hard palate on three-dimensional (3D) models of human skulls using geometric morphometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was conducted on 3D models of 209 human skulls from Bosnian population (139 male, 70 female). On the obtained 3D models, we marked landmarks on the palate using Landmark editor program. Using MorphoJ program we analyzed sex differences of shape and size on hard palate. RESULTS The principal component analysis showed that the first two components (PC1 and PC2) described 55.503% of the total morphological variability of the hard palate. The results of the discriminant analysis showed predictive power for male with 66.91% accuracy and for female with 58.57% accuracy based on the shape and size of the hard palate. The influence of size of the hard palate on its shape was statistically significant (p<0.0001). The results of discriminant analysis based on shape of hard palate showed predictive power for male with 68.34% accuracy and for female with 64.29% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Sex differences of hard palate are statistically significant and can be used for sex determination in skeletal remains. The percentage of accuracy for determining sex based on the hard palate was higher for men in this study.

BACKGROUND Piriform aperture is anterior opening of the nasal cavity formed by bones of the viscerocranium and knowledge about differences between genders is important for forensic scientists, anthropologists, orthopedists, neurosurgeons and vascular surgeons. The aim of this study was to examine gender differences of piriform aperture on 3D models of human skulls originating from Bosnian population using the geometric morphometric method. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on 211 3D models of human skulls of known gender. 3D models were obtained by laser scanning. We analyzed the gender differences of piriform aperture using geometric morphometrics method. On 3D models we marked four landmarks on piriform aperture in the Landmark editor program, after which we analyzed its gender differences in MorphoJ program. RESULTS The first PCA axis described 40.398% of total variability of piriform aperture. The greatest gender variability was present in the position of the landmark rhinion. Discriminant functional analysis of the shape and size of the piriform aperture allowed the gender determination with 64.03% accuracy for male and 70.83% accuracy for female gender. The size of the piriform aperture showed a statistically significant difference between genders. Discriminant functional analysis of the shape of the piriform aperture without affecting size enabled gender determination with 59.71% accuracy for male and 62.5% accuracy for female. CONCLUSIONS Analysis showed statistically significant differences in the shape and size of piriform aperture between genders. The accuracy for gender determination based on piriform aperture was higher in females.

Aim To determine the degree of accuracy in determining the sex of the skull based on classical morphometric analysis of the mastoid process. Morphometric analysis excluded a subjective approach expressed in osteoscopic analysis. Methods The study was conducted on a sample of 100 macerated skulls of known gender and age from the second half of the 20th century, including the Bosnian population. Of the 100 skulls, 50 (50%) were male and 50 (50%) were female. Male skulls were on average 60 (47-71) years old and female 57 (43-76) years old. At each mastoid process, 3 measurements were made: mastoid length, mastoid width (medio-lateral diameter) ML) and anteroposterior diameter (AP) of the mastoid process. Results Using the univariate method, we found a significant difference between length, width, AP diameter and size of mastoid processes as well as between gender (p <0.05). Multivariate binary logistic regression showed statistically significant differences in AP diameter of the mastoid process (p<0.05). Conclusion The created model "P" ("P"=exp [X]/1+exp [X]) for sex determination based on mastoid process showed sensitivity of 82% correct prediction for female skulls and 65% accurate prediction for male skulls. This discourse with respect of population standards grants most effective anthropological proof and as such may be suggested for forensic expertise based on human skull.

Introduction: The main aim of the study was to examine the interdependence of values of the nutrition index, the use of medicaments, and alcohol consumption in the group of subjects with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and in control group without PTSD. Methods: To determine the interdependence of different indices of nutrition and the alcohol and drug consumption in both groups, the crosstab model was used. Results: In both of the tested groups, medicament users had higher average values for nutritional indexes compared to the subjects that are not the consumers of medicaments, but the confirmed differences were not statistically significant. The subjects with PTSD who consume alcohol had lower average values for nutritional indexes compared to the subjects who do not consume alcohol. In the control group, subjects who consumed alcohol had higher mean values for nutritional indexes than those who did not consume alcohol. Differences in the values of the nutrition index between alcohol and non-alcohol subjects were not statistically significant either in the PTSD group or in the control group. The subjects with PTSD had less average values of all the used nutrition indexes compared to the control group subjects, but the confirmed differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our results indicate that medicaments use and alcohol consumption do not exert a statistically significant effect on the values of the nutrition index in any of the study groups. Possible concomitant use of drugs with the opposite effect on the monitored parameter (nitrazepam and amitriptyline vs. SSRI and bupropion) can lead to findings like this. We recommend further research to eliminate influence of pharmacodynamic effects of alcohol, drugs, and stress on the development of weight gain or loss.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate which is the most acceptable model for body mass index evaluation by a standard general pattern, since the one of the oldest bioantropological issues is what is the mass that a person should have, with a certain height, constitution, gender, age and other important determinants. Methods: This prospective study included 78 patients, male gender, divided into two groups: PTSD - group (44 patients) and control group (34 patients). Those were heterogeneous groups according to age and educational structure, where the 30's and 40's are dominant for age and high school education is dominant for education. Calculations of body mass index were performed using standard general pattern, applying different methodologies to obtain the theoretical mass values (Broca's, Azerad's, American insurance company's, Demelov's) Results: There are significant differences between the average values of body mass index calculated by the general standard pattern, depending on the different kind of calculation of theoretical mass used within the PTSD group  and control group.  Conclusion: The correlation coefficient indicates that nutritional index obtained by standard general pattern by use of different methodologies for determining a theoretical body mass is very similar for measurment and calculation of nutitinal state within the PTSD and control group. However, compared to correlation matrix we obtained within the PTSD group the coefficients of correlation  levels were slightly lower within the control group Kayword: body mass index, theoretical mass, PTSD

Objective: Morphological differences between sexes are also reflected in the skull bones, which can be used for sex determination of skulls. Our objectives were to observe the osteoscopic features of skulls and determine the frequency of characteristic female features in female skulls and the frequency of characteristic male features in male skulls in the observed sample; also to determine the prediction (effectiveness) of sex determination based on observed morphognostic (osteoscopic) features of the skulls and determine the most frequent and the least frequent morphognostic feature both in male and in female skulls in our tested sample. Methods and materials: The research was conducted on a sample of 211 macerated and degreased adult skulls (139 were male skulls and 72 were female skulls). Qualitative (osteoscopic) analysis included observation of the following: prominence of frontal tuber; prominence of superciliary arch and glabella; appearance of supraorbital margin; appearance of orbit; width of root of nose; prominence of mastoid process; contours of muscle insertions; size of teeth and face shape.         Results: Univariately, all ten observed morphognostic skull features showed statistically significant effect on sex determination, while prominence of superciliary arch and glabella proved to be the best morphognostic features with 90% accuracy, followed by prominence of muscle insertions with 82% accuracy, and prominence of mastoid process with 75% accuracy. Using multivariate binary logistic regression, we tested the effect of observed morphognostic features on sex determination and found that the only morphognostic features that had a statistically significant effect on sex determination were prominence of  superciliary arch and glabella and size of mastoid process. Multivariate effect of the prominence of muscle insertions on sex determination is borderline (p=0.052). Conclusion: Univariately, the greatest predictive effect for prediction of male sex is shown by the prominence of superciliary arch and glabella, prominence of muscle insertions and mastoid process. Multivariately, morphognostic features of prominence of superciliary arch and glabella, as well as the size of mastoid process show a statistically significant effect on sex determination. Effect of the prominence of muscle insertions is borderline. Key words: Skull, sexual dimorphism, osteoscopy, binary logistic regression

Aim: The development of bipedal position anatomically changed the entire skeleton, not only the legs and pelvis, but also the spine, feet and skull.By studying changes in the appearance of the skull and its volume we can monitor changes of brain volume and intelligence development and human evolution. Materials and methods: The research was conducted on a specimen of 196 macerated and degreased skulls, 82 of which belong to the osteological collection of the Department of Archeology – Chair of Prehistory, Antique Period and Middle Ages – of the State Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo. From the osteological collection of the department of Anatomy of the Medical Faculty in Sarajevo, a total of 114 skulls have been examined, 57 of which were skulls of male gender and 57 of female gender. On each of the examined skulls applying craniometrical method we estimated cranial capacity. Results : Regardless of the period in question, we have the highest variability in the category cranial capacity. It is actually a natural sequence due to the impact of all three linear dimensions (length, width and height) of the skull at its formation. Conclusions: Cranial capacity shows a growing tendency going to younger period of time from which the skull encouraged, except for a slight decline during the Middle Ages. Keywords: skull, cranial capacity, craniometry, prehistoric skull, antic period skull, middle ages skull, recent period skull

Aim: The development of bipedal position anatomically changed the entire skeleton, not only the legs and pelvis, but also the spine, feet and skull.By studying changes in the appearance of the skull and its volume we can monitor changes of brain volume and intelligence development and human evolution. Materials and methods: The research was conducted on a specimen of 196 macerated and degreased skulls, 82 of which belong to the osteological collection of the Department of Archeology – Chair of Prehistory, Antique Period and Middle Ages – of the State Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo. From the osteological collection of the department of Anatomy of the Medical Faculty in Sarajevo, a total of 114 skulls have been examined, 57 of which were skulls of male gender and 57 of female gender. On each of the examined skulls applying craniometrical method we estimated cranial capacity. Results : Regardless of the period in question, we have the highest variability in the category cranial capacity. It is actually a natural sequence due to the impact of all three linear dimensions (length, width and height) of the skull at its formation. Conclusions: Cranial capacity shows a growing tendency going to younger period of time from which the skull encouraged, except for a slight decline during the Middle Ages. Keywords:  skull, cranial capacity, craniometry, prehistoric skull, antic period skull, middle ages skull, recent period skull

The objectives of this study were to apply craniometric method in assessing skull capacity, determining the distribution of the known skull dimensions (length, width and height) and determining the cranial capacity separately by gender in the total sample and to examine the correlation between the results of cranial capacity in relation to gender and age. The materials used for this study were samples of 120 macerated and degreased skulls, 60 male and 60 female, with a average age of 57.97 years (±SD 18.45). The operating method was the craniometric method. The results showed that gender affects the value of cranial capacity, which was higher in males, whereas the effect of age was not proven statistically significant. The capacity of the skull had highly positive statistic correlation with the width, height and length of the particular. Male’s skulls were on average longer, higher and wider than the female’s skulls. Male’s skulls were on average of larger capacity than the female’s skull. Skull age as a factor had no effect on the value of cranial capacity. The skull length was the most dominant factor in determining the cranial capacity.