AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the correlation between the expression of HER-2 membrane protein and basic pathohistological parameters in cases of infiltrative breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-nine cases of lobular infiltrative breast cancer were investigated. Mastectomy with a dissection of axillary's lymph nodes was performed in all cases. Upon standard procedure of formalin fixation, embedding in paraffin and examination of slides stained with hematoxillin-eosin, a semiquantitaive method of evaluation of immunohistochemical expression of the HER-2 protein has been performed in all tissue samples of the tumor. RESULTS Majority of patients (91,3 %) were above 41 year-of-age. In the majority of cases (44,9 %) cancer's diameter ranged from 20-50 mm (pT2), with a moderate degree of differentiation (46,4 %), no signs of vascular invasion (50,7 %) and no metastases in axillary's lymph nodes (65,2 %). Evaluation of immunohistochemical expression of the HER-2 protein revealed that only the degree of tumor differentiation has been in statistically significant (p=0, 037) correlation with the intensity of the HER-2 protein expression. CONCLUSION In cases of lobular infiltrative breast cancer, oncogenic effect of the HER-2 protein was associated with the degree of cellular differentiation, while it was not in correlation with other pathological parameters of poorer prognosis, such as the size of tumor, presence of vascular invasion and occurrence of metastases in regional lymph nodes.

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the expression of the HER-2 membrane protein and other clinical-pathological parameters such as: histological size of the tumor, degree of the tumor's differentiation, presence of vascular invasion and presence of metastases in regional lymph nodes, in cases of ductal infiltrative breast cancer. We have investigated 56 cases of ductal infiltrative breast cancer. In all patients a mastectomy with a dissection of axillary lymph nodes has been performed. All tissue samples, taken by biopsy, were embedded in the paraffin, stained by hematoxylin-eosin technique and screened, and evaluation was performed by using a semiquantitative method of the immunohistochemical expression of the HER-2 protein. A decrease of the protein HER-2 expression was noticed in cases of an increase of the tumor's diameter above 50 mm. Increased expression of the HER-2 protein was noticed in cases of moderate (grade II) and poor (grade III) differentiation of carcinoma, as well as in cases where there was no metastases in the regional lymph nodes. No relationship has been observed between the expression of HER-2 and occurrence of vascular invasion. In cases of ductal infiltrative breast cancer the expression of HER-2 protein is in correlation with the size and degree of tumor's differentiation, as well as with the presence of metastases in regional lymph nodes.

The aim of this paper is to establish by immunohistochemistry the expression of keratin 7 in inflammatory-regenerative flat bowel mucosa and in different grades of epithelial dysplasia regarding the sub-units expressed in normal and carcinomatous colonic mucosa. Biopsy specimens from 270 patients were examined: 74 were classified as inflammatory-regenerative changes and 196 as dysplastic lesions. There were 108 cases of mild dysplasia, 58 cases of moderate and 30 cases of severe dysplasia, respectively). Demonstration of location and intensity of cytokeratin 7 staining was performed by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibody (anti-cytokeratin 7). Findings of cytokeratin 7 in dysplastic lesions were compared with those in normal mucosa, inflammatory -regenerative mucosa and adenocarcinoma. Cytokeratin 7 is not found in normal colonic mucosa. In inflammatory-regenerative mucosa it was found in solitary cells in small number of cases. It is found in all cases of epithelial dysplasia and its expression showed no difference regarding moderate and severe dysplasia. In few cases of adenocarcinoma, cytokeratin 7 is found in traces and showed minimal staining intensity. Having in mind that cytokeratine 7 is primarily found in dysplastic lesions of the flat colonic mucosa it can be a valuable diagnostic tool in the histological interpretation of epithelial dysplasia.

The inverted papilloma is relatively rare urothelial benign tumor. In 1980 was described only 108 cases of this benign proliferative lesions of bladder. Papillary fronds project into the fibrovascular stroma of the bladder rather than into the bladder lumen. The lesion is usually covered by a thin layer of normal urothelium. In Our case, tumor was found during the open adenomectomy, although patient was examined by ultrasound, before surgical treatment. One year after surgical treatment, control cystoscopic examine shows no recidive benign lesion.

: Harmonious physical and mental development of children and youngsters depend on the proper diet as one of the basic conditions of growth and development. Feeding to a great extent effects children's health and their future working capability. Feeding process can be perceived through nutritive status whose most valuable and accessive data are on body mass, height and thickness of skin wrinkles. On the basis of BMI, i.e. its centile values, critical values of overweight and obesity can be easily determined. The research aim was to see nutritional status and habits in the secondary school children in Tuzla Canton, then to analyze anthropometric parameters (body weight, body height); to determine BMI values, to standardize curves, to establish obesity frequency in children. The research was performed on the sample of 1544 children both sexes, in the first, third and seventh class involving four Tuzla-Canton municipalities: Tuzla, Lukavac, Gracanica and Kladanj. The research was performed by a questionnaire and anthropometric measurements in respect to IBP (International Biological Programme). Presence of brown bread in the primary school pupils' food is insufficient (5.8-10.7%). They consume fruit and vegetables mostly two times a day, milk is not consumed by 7.5-12.3% of boys and 8.4-28.4% of girls. As for meat, chicken is mostly consumed, fish a little and insufficient. Period between the third and seventh class is characterized by expressive increase in height and weight, what is the outcome of the adolescent jump. BMI value increases with age and exceeds limits of normal weight, thus obesity increases with age. In the seventh class obesity is present in 48.35% of boys and in 30.77% of girls. The above discussed trends in nutrition and obesity presence as the risk factors, require an urgent pass of the Action Programme for food and feeding on the state level, which would give a special importance to health promotion from this point of view.

UNLABELLED The aim of this research is to establish by immunohistochemistry if there is a change in the expression of collagen type IV, as a substitute of basement membrane, in development of epithelial dysplasia in chronically inflamed colon mucosa. METHODS Biopsy specimens from 270 patients were examined: 74 were classified as inflammatory-regenerative and 196 as dysplastic lesions. There were 108 cases of mild dysplasia, 58 cases of moderate and 30 cases severe dysplasia, respectively. Visualisation of collagen IV and its way of expression within basement membrane of glandular crypts was performed by immunohistochemistry and then compared with findings in normal colon mucosa and colon adenocarcinoma tissue. RESULTS Changes in the expression of collagen IV comprised of its focal irregularities, diffuse thinning and/or thickening, focal interruptions or its complete absence. Significant changes in the expression of collagen IV in relation to normal mucosa already occur in inflammatory-regenerative mucosa. In mild dysplasia, these changes are more intensive in relation to those in inflammatory altered mucosa as well as at severe dysplasia in relation to moderate dysplasia. Changes in the expression of collagen IV in severe dysplasia are significantly more serious than in moderate dysplasia but are identical to those in colon adenocarcinoma tissue. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that change in the expression of collagen IV is in correlation to a degree of epithelial dysplasia that developed in flat chronically inflamed colon mucosa.

The aim of the paper is the definition of perycriptal fibroblasts (PCFs) distribution in inflammatory-regenerative and dysplastic epithelial lesions of flat bowel mucosa. The relationship between the presentation of PCFs and the grade of inflammatory-regenerative and dysplastic process in the flat colon mucosa is also examined. Biopsy specimens from 270 patients were examined: 74 were classified as inflammatory-regenerative and 196 as dysplastic lesions (108 mild, 58 moderate, and 30 severe dysplasia). The demonstration of PCFs in biopsy specimens was performed by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibody for alpha smooth muscle actin, muscle-specific actin (HHF-35), vimentin and desmin, in comparison with normal mucosa and adenocarcinoma. The PCFs were reduced in inflammatory-regenerative and dysplastic mucosa. The reduction was significantly related with the grade of epithelial dysplasia. The carcinomas tended to lack PCF network. During inflammatory-regenerative and dysplastic process in flat bowel mucosa, PCFs express alpha smooth muscle actin, muscle specific actin, vimentin and desmin, showing the phenotypical growing expression of potentially present smooth muscle differentation features of fibroblasts. These findings suggest that the reduction of PCFs in dysplastic epithelial lesions may relate to the development of dysplasia in flat bowel mucosa. Reduced number of PCFs in dysplastic mucosa may be a marker for the risk of preneoplastic and neoplastic progression in bowel mucosa.

AIM Immunohistochemical study of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) distribution in inflammatory-regenerative and dysplastic changes of bowel mucosa. The relationship between the presentation of CEA and the intensity of inflammatory-regenerative and dysplastic processes in the flat colon mucosa was also examined. METHODS Biopsy specimens from 105 patients were examined: 45 classified as inflammatory-regenerative and 60 as dysplastic (21 mild, 23 moderate, and 16 severe dysplasia). The expression of CEA was assessed on the basis of location, quantity, and intensity of CEA immunostaining, by counting antigen-positive cells, and the presence of antigen in the lumen of crypts and glycocalyx on the surface of the mucosa. Using a semiquantitative method, antigen staining intensity was defined as weak, moderate, and intense. RESULTS The quantity of CEA in columnar, goblet mucous, and undifferentiated cells, as well as in the glycocalyx on the surface of the mucosa and in the crypts' content increased proportionally with the intensity of epithelial dysplasia. In inflammatory-regenerative lesions, CEA was located in the apical and supranuclear part of the cytoplasm, and in the dysplastic mucosa, in lateral and basal parts of the cells. CONCLUSION The quantity of immunohistochemically demonstrable CEA and its intracellular distribution changed in the colon mucosa during the transition from regenerative to dysplastic epithelial lesions. The intensity of CEA expression was closely related to the intensity of dysplastic lesion.

This paper describes observation on multiple carcinomas, with emphasis on double carcinomas of the lungs and other organs. The paper presents four cases of multiple neoplasmas and goes on to discuss eventual etiopathogenesis of multiple malignancies. Of the four cases presented in this paper, three cover double carcinoma of the throat and lungs, and in the fourth, double carcinoma of the lung and bladder. Three of the cases covered relate to metachronous carcinoma and the fourth case to synchronous carcinoma.

From October 1988 through December 1990, we treated 1221 male and 784 female patients aged 2 to 84 years for urolithiasis using the Dornier MPL-9000 lithotripter. Stones were located in calices or the renal pelvis in 34% of cases each, in the ureter in 17%, and in the bladder in 0.8%. Twelve per cent of the stones were branched renal calculi. The mean volume of the stones was 16 cm3 for branched calculi, 8 cm3 for renal pelvic calculi, 1.8 cm3 for caliceal calculi, 1.5 cm3 for ureteral calculi, and 19 cm3 for vesical calculi. In the 35% of patients who had stone volumes larger than 5 cm3, a ureteral stent was introduced before treatment. The kilovoltage was adjusted according to the size and location of the calculi. The average number of shock waves was 2150. It was necessary to re-treat 35% of the patients, with some having as many as 10 sessions, and the total number of sessions in the series was 3380. However, it proved possible to fragment 94% of the stones, with 80% of the patients being stone free a...