The most frequent disease of the arteries is atherosclerosis which is characterized by lumen reduction of blood vessels due to local thickening of internal blood vessels caused by plaque/atheroma. As a cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis is an interdisciplinary problem and one of the leading causes of death in developed countries. It begins in childhood, goes a long time without manifesting symptoms, increasing with age it begins to seriously threaten health. The most dangerous risk factors for the development of atherosclerotic disease are: Hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, high fibrinogen, excessive weight and physical inactivity.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to determine prevalence of oral diseases and oral surgical procedures at Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University in Sarajevo.Methods: The current study is retrospective analysis of oral surgical procedures performed from January 2011 to December 2012 at Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University in Sarajevo. The data were statistically analyzed by T-test of independent samples and using Chi-squared test. P value lower than 0,001 was considered to be statistically significant.Results: A total of 1299 patients were included in study. The age range is from 18 to 84 years, with mean age ± SD= 35±15 years. There were 42 different clinical diagnoses, and 13 diagnoses appeared in more than 1% of all patients. Impacted and semi-impacted teeth, periapical lesions and retained roots are the most frequent diagnoses and represent 68% of all diagnoses. Embedded and impacted teeth (35%) and diseases of pulp and periapical tissues (31%) are the most frequent diagnoses with respect of ICD-10. Impacted teeth is the most common diagnosis and removal of impacted third molars is the most common oral surgical procedure.Conclusion: Study points out variety of dentoalveolar patology and complexity of dental health care that often requires interdisciplinary approach in order to achieve optimal outcome for patient.

Introduction: Impaction may be defined as the failure of complete eruption into a normal functional position of one tooth within normal time due to lack of space in the dental arch, caused by obstruction byanother tooth or development in an abnormal position. The mandibular third molar is the most frequently impacted tooth. The incidence varies from 9.5% to 68% in different populations.Methods: The study was conducted in Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University in Sarajevo. Study represents retrospective analysis of panoramic radiographs (orthopantomograms) of patientsreferred to Department of Oral Surgery from January 2010 to February 2013 with indication for surgical removal of impacted third molars.Results: Of the 2000 radiographs, 761 presented with at least one impacted third molar (38%). A total of 1034 impacted mandibular third molars were present (51.7%). The most common age group was thirddecade (61.2%). Signifi cant statistical difference in incidence of third molar impaction was found between females and males (p<0.05), but there was no statistical difference in incidence in urban and suburbanpopulation (p=0.374). Vertical angulation was the most common pattern of impaction (65%). Frequency of third molars erupted into their normal position (class IA) was 42%. Impacted mandibular molars wereassociated with periodontal pockets in 134 (6.5%) cases and with dentigerous cysts in 5 cases (0.2%).Conclusion: The present study provides useful data regarding the clinical status of third molars in population of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Svrha: Svrha istraživanja bila je pronaci poveznicu između eruptivnih stadija trecih maksilarnih i mandibularnih kutnjaka s lijeve i desne strane celjusti. Materijali i metode: Uzorak istraživanja ci- nilo je 529 ortopantomograma (OPG-a) – 264 (49, 9 %) pripadalo je muskom spolu, a 265 (50, 1 %) ženskom spolu u dobi između 8 i 25 godina. Sudionici su bili prema Olzeovoj metodi podijeljeni u sest dobnih skupina. Rezultati: Dobivene su visoke vrijednosti Spearmanova koeficijenta pove- zanosti između eruptivnih stadija lijevih i desnih maksilarnih i mandibularnih trecih molara. Izme- đu spolova nisu pronađene statisticki znacajne razlike u eruptivnim stadijima. Zakljucak: Prema dobivenim rezultatima za procjenu dentalne dobi u bosansko-hercegovackoj populaciji, preporu- cujemo Olzeovu metodu i trece mandibularne molare. Treba istaknuti da su moguce razvojne asi- metrije i da svaki dentalni antropolog mora biti svjestan te cinjenice. Svaka strana celjusti treba- la bi se posebno procjenjivati.

Poglavlje prikazuje spoecificnosti rada u stomatologiji s pacijentima koji imaju poremecaje u mentalnom razvoju

The aim of this cross-sectional retrospective study was to compare the accuracy of three radiographic methods for age estimation using orthopantomogram radiographs (OPGs) from developing children. OPGs of 2652 children (1214 boys and 1438 girls, aged 5.22–14.92 years) with 1474 children from Croatia and 1178 children from Bosnia and Herzegovina were examined and seven mandibular teeth from left side of mandible were assessed using Cameriere’s method by measurement of open apices in teeth, mineralization stages of four different teeth from right side of jaws using Haavikko’s adopted method based on Finnish children and Demirjian's mineralization stages of seven teeth from left side of mandible for Willems’ method with updated scoring based on Belgian children. The mean difference(±SD) in years between dental and chronological age (DA-CA) was calculated for each method. Results show that the most accurate method was by Cameriere (boys -0.08 ± 0.71, girls -0.03 ± 0.70 years), Haavikko’s method underestimated age more (boys -0.09 ± 0.80, girls -0.34 ± 0.75 years), while Willems’ method overestimated age (boys 0.51 ± 0.79, girls 0.28 ± 0.83 years). According to the analysis of variance, no statistically significant differences were found in results of DA-CA between children from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina for each method. No statistically significant difference of DA-CA was found between boys and girls for Cameriere’s method, for Haavikko and Willems method there were statistically significant differences between genders. Statistically significant differences were found in results of DA-CA among different age groups for each method. Published results could be used in clinical, forensic and anthropological purposes when sample of children was used from specified countries.

The aims of this study were to evaluate adopted Haavikko method (1974) based on Finnish sample for dental age estimation in Bosnian-Herzegovian children and to create reference centile curves with LMS method for clinical, legal and forensic usage. Materials and methods In cross-sectional, retrospective study, the panoramic radiographs (OPGs) taken from 805 girls and 636 boys in Bosnia and Herzegovina, aged between 4 and 15 years, were studied. Method is based on scoring of four permanent teeth, 41, 44, 46, and 47 up to 10 years of age and and 13, 43, 44, and 47 in children over 10 years of age, with one of 12 mineralization stages. Dental age is than computed from the Haavikko’s tables as the mean of all four teeth. Kappa statistic and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used for testing intra- and inter-observer repeatability of mineralization stages and observed dental age by assessments of 10% (N=144) of OPGs. Results showed that Haavikko’s method underestimate the dental age in the BH children. Mean underestimation was -0.33 (SD 0.72) years in girls and -0.12(SD 0.82) years in boys. Cohen kappa scores were 0.79 for intra- and 0.80 for inter-observer agreement for mineralization stages and average measures for ICC for dental age were 0.98 for intra- and 0.90 for inter-observer agreement. In addition, 1st, 3rd, 5th, 50th, 95th, 97th and 99th centile curves of chronological age against the dental age were constructed for girls and boys separately using the LMS method by Cole and Green (LMS ChartMaker Software, Medical Research Council, UK), which could be used for age estimation in the BH children.

Adresa za dopisivanje Ivan Galic Dom zdravlja Splitsko-dalmatinske županije Stomatoloska ordinacija – Kamenmost Kamenmost bb, 21262 Kamenmost Tel: +385 21 848 052 Fax: +385 21 848 052 igalic2@sfzg.hr Sažetak Određivanje dentalne dobi kod djece u razvoju važno je u pedodonciji, ortodonciji i forenzicnoj znanosti. Najcesce se primjenjuje postupak prema Demirjianu nastao na francusko-kanadskom uzorku djece 1973. godine na temelju Tanner-Whitehousova postupka (TW-a) procjene skeletne zrelosti. Svrha: Željela se ispitati tocnost Demirjianova postupka za određivanje dentalne dobi kod djece u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH). Ispitanici i postupci: Prilagođene Demirjianove tablice razvojnih stadija sedam zuba s lijeve strane mandibule iz 1976. godine ispitane su na ukupno 1106 panoramskih snimki bosansko-hercegovacke djece (597 djevojcica i 509 djecaka dobi od 5 do 14 godina). Nakon toga je T-testom za zavisne uzorke dentalna dob bila uspoređena s kronoloskom. Rezultati: Razlika između dentalne i kronoloske dobi bila je u rasponu od 0,60 do 2,17 godina kod djevojcica i 0,63 do 2,60 kod djecaka. Rezultati upozoravaju na precijenjenost dentalne dobi u usporedbi s Demirjianovim standardima iz 1976. Zakljucak: Demirjianovi standardi za francusko-kanadsku djecu prema kojima se određuje dentalna dob nisu adekvatni za primjenu kod djece u Bosni i Hercegovini. Nužno je i dalje istraživati na vecem uzorku i odrediti specificne standarde za određivanje dentalne dobi kod bosansko-hercegovacke djece. Kljucne rijeci dob; određivanje pomocu zuba; Forenzicka stomatologija; radiologija, panoramska; Bosna i Hercegovina 1 Student doktorskog studija, Zavod za dentalnu antropologiju Stomatoloskog fakulteta Sveucilista u Zagrebu, Hrvatska PhD student, Department of Dental Anthropology School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb, Croatia 2 Stomatoloski fakultet Sveucilista u Sarajevu, Bosna i Hercegovina School of Dental Medicine University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Zdravstveni fakultet Sveucilista u Zenici, Bosna i Hercegovina Faculty of health, University of Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 Medicinski fakultet Sveucilista u Banjaluci, Bosna i Hercegovina School of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 Student doktorskog studija, Medicinski fakultet Sveucilista u Zagrebu, Hrvatska PhD student, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia

Background: Therapy of patients with cleft lip and palate does not comprise only surgical closure of the cleft – it requires multidisciplinary approach in a dental treatment, with the aim to achieve aesthetically and functionally optimal results. Case report: 12-years-old patient, referred to the orthodontic clinic with surgically closed unilateral cleft lip and palate. After taking diagnostic records, the patient was scheduled for orthodontic treatment. Before banding, crown lengthening on first upper molar has been performed due to a short clinical crown. Length of active orthodontic treatment was 30 months, after which retainer has been placed, and patient scheduled for crown lengthening on upper left incisor and canine. Multiple tooth restorations have been performed on upper anterior region using adhesive, build - up technique (teeth 13, 21, 22, 23). Dental photography editing with image editing software enabled information about possible aesthetic solution for our patient. Follow up: Clinical evaluation of composite restorations has been performed using USPHS criteria. Functionality, pleasing aesthetic results and satisfied patient are outcome of 4 years long comprehensive dental treatment. (J Int Dent Med Res 2010; 3: (1), pp. 29-33 )

Radioloski postupci neophodni su u svim fazama implanto-protetske rehabilitacije: pri planiranju, pracenju uspjesnosti osteointegracije tepovremene provjere terapijske uspjesnosti zavrsenog implanto-protetskog lijecenja. Vecina konvencionalnih dentalnih radioloskih tehnika ima primjenu u implantologiji. Odabir vrste snimanja ovisi o vrsti bezubosti, indikacijama, ciljanoj informaciji koju želimo dobiti, dostupnosti radioloskog postupka, dozi zracenja te ukupnom trosku za bolesnika. Informirani pristanak bolesnika, detaljno vođen kirurski protokol i preostala dokumentacija, potkrijepljena odgovarajucim brojem potrebnih radioloskih snimaka, pridonijet ce konacnom uspjehu rehabilitacije i povecati sigurnost terapeuta od provođenja mogucih sudskih postupaka ukoliko izostane konacni uspjeh u lijecenju. Sve vise se govori o stetnom zracenju kojem su bolesnici izloženi prilikom radioloskog snimanja. Pri odabiru vrste snimanja treba se voditi klinickim pregledom, kako bi se dobilo sto vise podataka koji usmjeravaju k ciljanoj radioloskoj tehnici uz minimalno izlaganje zracenju. O tomesvaki bolesnik mora biti informiran te mora dati svoj pisani pristanak, posebno na dodatne radioloske postupke. Postoji vise nacina mjerenja zracenja, a najvise se koriste dvije vrste doza: doza ekspozicije (ulazna povrsinska izloženost) cije se vrijednosti izražavaju u Grayima (Gy), te efektivna doza radijacije kod koje se rabi jedinica Sievert (Sv). Efektivne doze radijacije su između 4 i 16 μ Sv kod ortopanskih snimki, te od 33 do 150 μ Sv kada se pojedinacno snima svaki zub u usnoj supljini. Efektivne doze primljene kod CT-a s konusnim snopom rentgenskih zraka (CT cone-beam) znatno su razlicite, a ovise o opremi koja se koristi, no opcenito su vece nego kod ortopanskih snimki, a manje nego kod multidetektorskih CT-a.

Nalaz stranih tijela u orofacijalnom podrucju ima svoje medicinsko, ali cesto (sve vise) i medicinsko-pravno znacenje. Radioloske metode pregleda imaju uz klinicko- anamnesticke podatke najvece znacenje u otkrivanju i dokumentiranju prisustva razlicitih stranih tijela, bez obzira na njihovu lokalizaciju i razloge izvođenja pretraga. Pri tome valja naglasiti da je dijagnosticka kvaliteta dentalnih radiograma od najvece važnosti jer se ponekad, zbog lose kvalitete snimke (bez obzira na razloge lose kvalitete), stranim tijelima mogu proglasiti i nepostojeca „ strana tijela“ ili pak stvarno postojeca, zbog razlicitih artefakata, ne prikazati. Svakako je važan i izbor odgovarajuce metode pregleda ; stoga cemo kod sumnje na radiotransparentna strana tijela u mekim cestima obaviti UZ pregled ili MR, a kod sumnje na strana tijela koja jace apsorbiraju rentgenske zrake (metal, razlicita punila korijena zubi, odlomljeni korijen zubi, itd.) konvencionalne dentalne rentgenske snimke ili digitalne dentalne snimke i CT.

Periapical disease is the result of bacteria, their product, and the host response to them. Early histological studies of diseased periapical tissue have not been able to demonstrate viable bacteria in the lesions studied. Recent reports indicate that many of periapical lesions are indeed infected before and after endodontic treatment. The validity and applicability of the microbial delivery overcome many disadvantages that we see with systemic drugs. In this case report we presented a novel approach of managing chronic diffuse periapical lesion of lower molar based on specific selection of intracanal medicament in combination with direct periapical injection. We used bacterial culturing and antibiotic sensitivity test to select specific intracanal medicament, in addition we presented an intraosseous injection technique to locally deliver the selected medicament directly into the periapical lesion. Our findings are encouraging and promising. The validity and applicability of the technique needs to be tested in a well controlled clinical trial.