Background: Correct body posture should be at the very top, because it is an essential prerequisite for good health, normal growth and development, and good looks of every student. Inadequate spending of free time leads to the appearance of obesity, improper posture, and the appearance of physical deformities. Aims: This research aims to determine the prevalence of obesity, improper body posture, body deformities, and the way of spending free time among primary school students according to gender. Methods: The research was carried out on a sample of a total of N=1,850 primary school students, of which there were N=989 (53%) male respondents and N=861 (47%) female respondents. Analyzing the results of morphological characteristics, it was determined that boys have a higher body mass index (BMI) than girls. Result: The obtained results are statistically significant at the level of less than 1% (p<0.01), and the results were in favor of girls. Obesity and excessive nutrition are more prevalent in boys than in girls. By measuring the lateral curve of the spinal column, the following results were obtained: 67.24% of boys have improper posture, and 37.52% of girls. Conclusion: Classroom data show children spend substantial free time on electronic devices, especially boys gaming on computers and tablets. Girls more often engage in sports, television viewing, reading, and mobile communication. Preventive action is needed through regular student monitoring, testing, and measurement to track developmental changes and promote healthier lifestyle patterns in school contexts.

The aim of the research was to determine the effects of specially programmed physical and health education with the application of content from sports games (basketball, volleyball, and handball) in the duration of one semester to qualitative changes in situational motor skills in students in the fifth grade of elementary school. The study included 106 pupils of the V class, aged 10 to 11 years, clinically and mentally healthy, and with no pronounced morphological and locomotor impairments. The sample of respondents was divided into two subgroups, an experimental group (53 pupils), who carried out physical education classes according to the modified plan and program of sports games (basketball, volleyball, and handball) for a semester and a control group (53 pupils) who attended regular classes from physical education according to the current curriculum. In order to determine qualitative changes in situational motor abilities, descriptive statistics, T-test, and factor analysis were used. The results of the factor analysis show that there were statistically significant qualitative changes, and based on the results of t-tests it can be concluded that they are statistically significant at levels less than 1% for the SMKVLS variable, and at levels less than 5% for the variables SMRBLZ and SMRVLS. In the final measurement, there was a change in value and thus a difference in the variables of the SMKBLK after the program of work.

Background: This research was done as continuation of research made previously on male population. The goal of this research is to determine „differences between morphological characteristics and motoric capabilities of physically active and inactive female students “. Methods: Sample of physically inactive female students was made of 54 examinees and sample for active students was made of 52 girls. Average age was 12. All girls were primary school students. Physically inactive students regularly attended PE lessons and active students were involved in training process of basketball, volleyball, football and handball teams. Additional practice was done two times a week for 90 minutes. Morphological space is set by 15 variables and motoric space is set with 24 variables. Results: Statistical difference was determined by T-test on level (p<0.05). Significance given by T-test was checked by calculating Eta coefficient. Such data has differences in Chest Width (.00/.00 and η2=0,33), Weight (.00/.00 and η2=0,34), Stomach Skin Curves (.00/.00 and η2=0,37) and Back Skin Curves (.05/.05 and η2=0,16). Motoric space has differences in: Slalom with Three Medicine Balls (.00/.00 and η2=0.01), Throwing medicine ball from the chest (.00/.00 and η2=0,10), Long Jump (.00/.00 and η2=0,17), Push-ups (.02/.02 and η2=0.05), Sit-and-Reach (.04/.04 and η2=0.00) and 20m low start run (.00/.00 and. η2=0,14). Conclusions: After analysis it can be stated the aim of the research was completed and differences of anthropological status of physically active and inactive female students were determined. Students of age 12 can be recommended additional training activity to positively transform anthropological spaces with no transformation. Research with same or similar variables should be done on different age categories when compared to this one or to analyze quality of influence that specific sports have on transformation in this age category.

Purpose: Thanks to the positive health effects of physical exercise, physical education is an integral part of the education system, with two hours per week, which is insufficient to achieve an optimal effect in transforming the anthropological status of children. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of regular and modified physical education with the application of contents from sports games (basketball, volleyball and handball) in the duration of one semester to changes in basic motor skills in pupils of the fifth grade of elementary school. Material: The study included N = 106 students of the V class, aged 10 to 11 years, clinically and mentally healthy, and with no pronounced morphological and locomotor impairments. The sample of examinees was divided into two subgroups. The first was an experimental group of 53 students, who carried out physical education classes according to the modified plan and program of sports games (basketball, volleyball and handball) for a semester. The other was a control group of 53 students who attended regular classes from physical education according to the current curriculum. Results: The results of the research at the descriptive level showed noticeable differences between the same groups in the final versus the initial measurements. Based on the results of the t-test for the control and experimental group, it can be concluded that there have been statistically significant changes in values on all variables of basic motor in the final compared to the initial measurement. By analyzing the results of the t-tests, it can be seen that the groups differ in the initial measurement only in one basic motor variable, MTAPN, and this difference is statistically significant in favor of the control group. In the final measurement, there are no significant differences between the control and the experimental group in the average values of all variables of basic motoring. Conclusions: Improving basic motor skills depends on the teacher's ability, the ability to transform the age with which he is working, and the success of certain training processes. The modified program of the experimental group has led to changes and thus proves the significant effect of the group's work program.

Uvod Dehidracija može ugroziti sportsku izvedbu i povećati rizik od teške tjelesne povrede. Negativni efekti dehidratacije na performanse se uočavaju već pri <2% (Barr, 1999). Naime, manjak tečnosti koji se javlja tokom jedne vježbe može potencijalno kompromitovati sljedeću sesiju vježbanja, ukoliko ne dođe do adekvatne zamjene tečnosti. Dakle, zamjena te čnosti poslije vježbanja često se može smatrati hidratacijom prije sljedećeg treninga (Shirreff s, Armstrong, & Cheuvront, 2004). Ipak, sportisti samoinicijativno ne piju dovoljnu količinu vode za sprječavanje dehidracije tokom fi zičke aktivnosti (Casa, Armstrong, Hillman, Montain, Reiff , Rich, Roberts, & Stone, 2000; Maughan i sar., 2010). Maughan & Shirreff s (2010), navode da neki sportisti piju previše tečnosti, dok neki mogu razviti i hiponatremiju zbog prevelikog unosa tečnosti. S druge strane, slobodnim mikropauzama koje se tokom treninga planiraju u cilju nadoknađivanja tečnosti gubi se na intenzitetu treninga, a ukoliko je cilj treninga sticanje motoričkog znanja onda dolazi do narušavanja organizacije i kontinuiteta rada (Gobson i sar., 2012). Pogotovo je to slučaj prilikom rada u parovima, kada jedan od partnera nadoknađuje tečnost, dok drugi stoji i čeka ga. Interesantno bi bilo ispitati da li nadoknađivanje tečnosti tokom treninga predstavlja samo naviku sportiste, ili zato zaista postoji objektivna potreba nastala kao rezultat gubitka tečnosti znojenjem i naprezanjem tokom treninga. Sam osječaj žeđi je individualnog karaktera, te bi stoga bilo potrebno provjeriti opravdanost slobodnog načina rehidriranja. Poznato je i da vrhunski judo takmičari hipohidracijom smanjuju težinu prije takmičenja, što takođe negativno utiče na organizam sportiste i dovodi do smanjenja funkcije te negativnih učinaka na zdravlje (Jung & Malliaropoulos, 2014). Gubitak tečnosti rezultira osjećajem letargije i gubitkom motivacije za nastavak vježbanja, pridonoseći razvoju umora (Watson, 2008). Kratkoročne promjene u hidrataciji mogu se procijeniti na temelju promjene mase tijela (Maughan & Shirreff s, 2010). Rezultati ove studije bi trebali potvrditi dehidraciju organizma u slučaju nekonzumiranja tečnosti tokom judo treninga, te ukazati na opravdanost organizovane rehidratacije u slučaju sportista 11-12 godina starosti. Abstract