Does temporal thought extend asymmetrically into the past and the future? Do asymmetries depend on cultural differences in temporal focus? Some studies suggest that people in Western (arguably future-focused) cultures perceive the future as being closer, more valued, and deeper than the past (a future asymmetry), while the opposite is shown in East Asian (arguably past-focused) cultures. The proposed explanations of these findings predict a negative relationship between past and future: the more we delve into the future, the less we delve into the past. Here, we report findings that pose a significant challenge to this view. We presented several tasks previously used to measure temporal asymmetry (self-continuity, time discounting, temporal distance, and temporal depth) and two measures of temporal focus to American, Spanish, Serbian, Bosniak, Croatian, Moroccan, Turkish, and Chinese participants (total N = 1,075). There was an overall future asymmetry in all tasks except for temporal distance, but the asymmetry only varied with cultural temporal focus in time discounting. Past and future held a positive (instead of negative) relation in the mind: the more we delve into the future, the more we delve into the past. Finally, the findings suggest that temporal thought has a complex underlying structure.

BACKGROUND Whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) result from injury of neck structures that most often occur during traffic accidents as a result of rapid acceleration-deceleration. The dominant symptoms manifest in the musculoskeletal system and include increased fatigue. Because of the frequency of whiplash injuries, a simple, cheap and useful diagnostic tool is needed to differentiate whiplash injury from healthy patients or those faking symptoms. OBJECTIVES To determine muscle fatigue in patients with whiplash injury in six body positions. DESIGN Analytical cross-sectional study. SETTING Emergency center, university hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied patients with whiplash injury from vehicular traffic accidents who presented to the emergency center within 6 hours of sustaining the injury. We determined whiplash injury grade according to the Quebec Task Force (QTF) classification and measured isometric muscle endurance in six different body positions. Control subjects for each patient were matched by age, gender and anthropomorphic characteristics. Cut-off values were determined to distinguish patients with whiplash injury from controls and for determination of injury grade. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) QTF grade, time to muscle fatigue in seconds. RESULTS From September 2013 to September 2016, we enrolled 75 patients with whiplash injury and 75 matching control subjects. In all six positions, the patients with whiplash injury felt muscle fatigue faster than equivalent controls (P<.05) and the time to onset of muscle fatigue decreased with increasing injury grades in all six positions. Assignment to the patient or control group and to injury grade could be predicted with more than 90% accuracy on the basis of time to muscle fatigue. The most efficient position was the highest injury grade, by which 99.9% of the patients were accurately categorized. Isometric muscle endurance correlated with whiplash injury grade in all six positions (P<.01). CONCLUSION Under clinical conditions, muscle endurance and the appearance of isometric muscle fatigue during testing can be a useful indicator of whiplash injury and grade. LIMITATIONS The size of the sample was small. An objective parameter such as electromyography is needed to confirm isometric muscle fatigue.

The aim of this review was to provide an overview of researchinto the relationship between empathy and bullying. Thereforethe review indicated a number of researches that show differenteffects of empathy on bullying, regarding the type of bullying,roles in bullying behavior, as well as gender. From a review ofresearch it may be concluded that empathy significantly contributesto a reduction in various forms of violence. Most researchindicates the importance of the affective component of empathycompared to the cognitive component. The results of researchinto the relationship of empathy and its role in bullying behaviorwere less consistent. For this reason, the review highlightedmethodological difficulties in the study of bullying and empathy.  Conclusion  – In conclusion it could be said that most studiesshow a negative correlation between empathy and various typesof violence. Furthermore, it is evident that different componentsof empathy have differing degrees of influence in direct and indirectforms of violent behavior.

Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati povezanost između nasilja u mladenackim vezama i psiholoske prilagodbe uzimajuci u obzir uloge u mladenackom nasilju, razinu pobuđenosti i strategije suocavanja sa stresom. Podatci su prikupljeni koristenjem upitnika za samoprocijenu na uzorku od 220 adolescenata u dobi od 16 do 18 godina. Upitnik za procjenu konflikata u mladenackim vezama koristen je za procjenu nasilja u mladenackim vezama. Razina pobuđenosti (APS) ispitanika procijenjena je pomocu Skale pobuđenosti, dok je Cek lista traumatskih simptoma (TSC-40) koristena za procjenu trenutne psiholoske prilagodbe. S obzirom na oblik nasilnog ponasanja, ucestalost varira od 19% do 36% za izloženost nasilnom ponasanju od strane partnera te od 10% do 37% za nasilno ponasanje prema partneru. Ženski spol, mlađa dob, uloga u maldenackom nasilju, kao i visoka razina pobuđenosti i koristenje manje efikasnih strategija suocavanja predstavljaju prediktore poteskoca u psiholoskoj prilagodbi. Na temelju rezultata ovog istraživanja može se zakljuciti da nasilje u mladenackim vezama je znacajan prediktor psiholoskih poteskoca u adolescenciji. Rezultati su također pokazali da razina pobuđenosti i strategije suocavanja sa stresom su važne determinante uspjesne adaptaciju u situaciji mladenackog nasilja.

Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati povezanost između nasilja u mladenackim vezama i psiholoske prilagodbe uzimajuci u obzir uloge u mladenackom nasilju, razinu pobuđenosti i strategije suocavanja sa stresom. Podatci su prikupljeni koristenjem upitnika za samoprocijenu na uzorku od 220 adolescenata u dobi od 16 do 18 godina. Upitnik za procjenu konflikata u mladenackim vezama koristen je za procjenu nasilja u mladenackim vezama. Razina pobuđenosti (APS) ispitanika procijenjena je pomocu Skale pobuđenosti, dok je Cek lista traumatskih simptoma (TSC-40) koristena za procjenu trenutne psiholoske prilagodbe. S obzirom na oblik nasilnog ponasanja, ucestalost varira od 19% do 36% za izloženost nasilnom ponasanju od strane partnera te od 10% do 37% za nasilno ponasanje prema partneru. Ženski spol, mlađa dob, uloga u maldenackom nasilju, kao i visoka razina pobuđenosti i koristenje manje efikasnih strategija suocavanja predstavljaju prediktore poteskoca u psiholoskoj prilagodbi. Na temelju rezultata ovog istraživanja može se zakljuciti da nasilje u mladenackim vezama je znacajan prediktor psiholoskih poteskoca u adolescenciji. Rezultati su također pokazali da razina pobuđenosti i strategije suocavanja sa stresom su važne determinante uspjesne adaptaciju u situaciji mladenackog nasilja.