Some of the conditions which occur in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients with a high incidence resulting in a decline in their quality of life, include malnutrition, renal osteodystrophy, refractory hypertension and chronic systemic inflammation. In developing countries, due to the low level of economic development, low-flux dialysis is the main means of extracorporeal blood purification therapy. But it can hardly remove the middle and large molecule uremic toxins and protein-bound toxins; as a result, the patients suffer from long-term complications and poor quality of life. In this study, we attempted to investigate whether the combination of maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) with hemoperfusion (HP) could improve the clearance rate of middle and large molecule uremic toxins so as to improve their uremic complications. A total of 54 patients, who underwent routine hemodialysis, were assessed in this study. Those patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 (27 patients) received combined treatment of HD with hemoperfusion (HP) in this regimen: HD 2 times a week with HD+HP once a week two times in a row, then after two weeks, and afterwards once a month as a maintenance treatment. Group 2 (27 patients) was only undergoing maintenance HD 3 times a week. The clinical and laboratory properties of both groups were followed up for 18 months, whereas the primary outcomes included normal clinical data, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH), phosphorus (P04), calcium (Ca), albumin, iron (Fe), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), hemoglobin, Epo doses and types of hypertensive drugs. At the end of the 18-month observation, the serum concentration of albumin, P04, hsCRP, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were lower with Group 1 than with Group 2 (p<0.05). Whereas, higher levels of iPTH were noticed in group 1, but when the laboratory and clinical data are analysed of the group 1 alone a statistically significant lower values after the observational period are noticed especially in the serum values of iPTH (p<0.05), P04 (p<0.001), CRP (p<0.011), SBP and DBP (p<0.05). HD+HP was superior to HD in regularly eliminating middle and large molecule uremic toxins accumulated in the body which is mostly shown through reducing the values of iPTH and hsCRP. These findings suggest a potential role for HD+HP in the treatment of inflammation and renal osteodystrophy as well, because lowering these values of iPTH leads to a normalization of other minerals which is expected and therefore leads to a stabilization of this long-term uremic complications, which can improve the overall general condition of the MHD patient.

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis (HD) are at a high risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 and of developing severe COVID-19 and death. The possibility of being reinfected with this virus is poorly understood. To date, there are a small number of reports of reinfections in COVID-19 patients, especially in HD patients, with only four cases described so far. The aim was to show the possibility of reinfection and developing severe acute respiratory syndrome in HD patients. We describe a 69-year-old ESRD patient who had been on HD treatment for three years, with diabetes mellitus and a history of ischemic cardiomyopathy. The patient was tested for SARS-CoV-2 by a nasopharyngeal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test because of a positive cluster at his dialysis unit and initially diagnosed with COVID-19 in July 2020. In this period, he had mild symptoms for a few days and remained asymptomatic afterwards. Four months later, he presented to the hospital with fatigue, high fever and shortness of breath, and was COVID-19 positive again. This case points to the possibility of reinfection, lack of immune response after an asymptomatic or mild infection, or even the possibility of the fi rst false-positive PCR test. Future longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the potential reinfections, recurrence, and duration of antibody detection.

Introduction: Calciphylaxis is a rare, but serious, kidney complication. Calciphylaxia is a vasculopathy of small blood vessels characterized by the deposition of calcium deposits in intimal arterioles with the consequent proliferation of intima, fibrosis and thrombosis. Aim: The aim was to show the significance of recognition of calciphylaxis relies on heightened clinical awareness of the presence of atypical skin nodules or ulcers that occur in patients with hemodialysis dependence and to characterize features of calciphylaxis or components of treatment that may lead to improved outcome. Case report: We present the case of 84-year-old woman with chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus as well as severely painful, firm, indurated plaques on the lower extremities. The plaques progressed to involve larger areas with associated local ulceration and necrosis. Laboratory testing revealed hyperparathyroidism and incisional skin biopsy confirmed calciphylaxis. Wound microbiology confirmed Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: The diagnosis can be based on clinical grounds, supported by histological analysis if possible. The laboratory workout must cover all the possible implications of chronic kidney disease with special attention to Ca+ and P+ values and evidence of skin or systemic infection. Calciphylaxis must be known by dermatologist as early diagnosis and proper management can be decisive for better prognosis.

The occurance of mid- and longterm uremic complications is related to the low clearance rate of middle and large molecule uremic toxins when hemodialysis (HD) alone is adopted. As the uremic toxins and their corresponding biological effects become increasingly clear, blood purification treatment that aims to remove these toxins, has developed from a stage of life-sustaining to improving the quality of life. The objective of this study was to evaluated demographic, clinical and laboratory data in patients who underwent the combination of maintenance hemodialysis with hemoperfusion (HP) and in those who recieved HD alone and to investigate whether this combination could improve the clearance rate of middle and large molecule uremic toxins. A total of 26 patients, who underwent routine hemodialysis, were assessed in this study. Those patients were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 (7 patients) received combined treatment of HD with HP biweekly (HD 2 times a week with HD+HP once a week), whereas Group 2 (10 patients) was given HD with high flux dialyzer and Group 3 (9 patients) was given HD with low flux dialyzer 3 times a week. This study was followed for 4 months. Before and after the observational period demographic and clinical data were taken from the medical history and blood samples were taken for hemoglobin (Hb), iron (Fe), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), albumin (Alb), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P04) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). This study included 13 female and 13 male patients with a mean age of 41, 62 + 11.12 and a mean dialysis duration of 62, 78+53, 33 months. When it comes to baseline characteristics, patients of the group 3 were significantly older than patients in other groups (p=0.001). At the end of the four months observation period, the same difference according to age was noticed (p=0.01). Also, HD+HP group had significantly higher values of TIBC (p=0.006) and significantly lower serum levels of P04 (p=0.001). EPO doses were very similar in group 1 and 2, but in group 3 there were noticeably lower than in those two groups but without a significant difference. The serum levels of albumin were higher in group 3 compared to the other two groups but also without statistical difference. No statistical difference between groups after the follow up period was observed in terms of Hb, Fe, PTH, Ca, BMI, duration of dialysis treatment and vascular access. When groups are viewed individually, in the HD+HP group serum P04 levels were significantly lower after the 4 months off the follow up period than it was at the beginning (p=0.031) and also TIBC was significantly higher (p=0.018). In group 2 the values of TIBC were significantly lower after the follow up period than it was at the beginning (p=0.025). No significant difference was noticed in group 3 but serum PTH levels tends to decrease after 4 months compared to baseline measurement. This combination treatment of HD with HP was superior to HD in reducing levels of phosphorus. These findings suggests a potential role of reducing the risk of cardiovascular events in this population especially when it is known that hyperphosphatemia has been pointed out as the primary culprit in the process of cardiovascular calcification. Also, patients who underwent the combined treatment showed higher values of TIBC but unfortunately no difference was noticed between Hb levels and EPO doses. These results eventually demonstrates their role in the improvement of renal disease anemia, which opens up the possibility of further research on a larger sample and over a longer period of time.

Introduction: Plasmapheresis is often used as a therapy in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). TTP is manifested in thrombotic microangiopathy, consumed thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia and acute kidney injury with HUS development, neurologic dysfunction, and fever. Case report: we will present a case of a patient with acute kidney injury and refractory TTP at the beginning of hospitalization, subsequently manifested in secondary nephrotic syndrome. The patient was a female, 39 years of age, who as an emergency case was referred from the hospital in East Sarajevo to the Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Disorders of the Clinical Center University of Sarajevo with suspected TTP. A few days before hospitalization she had a fever and vomiting, and therefore consulted her physician. She was hospitalized due to severe general condition, generalized edema, visible body hematomas, and diuresis amounting to 600 ml/12 hours. Laboratory results on admission were as follows: Leukocytes 19.5, Erythrocytes 3.23, Hemoglobin 103, Hematocrit 28.8%, Platelets 65.4 with few schistocytes and 2 reticulocytes, Sodium 140 mmol/L,, Potassium 4.5 mmol/L, Calcium 1.90 mmol/L, Glucose 7.9 mmol/L, Urea 37.5 mmol/L, Creatinine 366 umol/L,, Bilirubin 19.0 umol/L, Lactate dehydrogenase 1194 U /L. The patient was communicative, in cardiopulmonary sufficient state. Central venous catheter was placed in the right jugular vein and the first plasmapheresis was performed. During the hospitalization 38 plasmapheresis treatments with frozen plasma were performed, followed by three Rituximab treatment cycles. After the last plasmapheresis treatment a platelet count was 138. Also, parameters of the renal function were in their referent values. At the beginning of the treatment proteinuria was 19.6 g/24 hours urine. We were faced with a dilemma whether renal biopsy should be repeated in the future given that it might be the case of primary and not secondary nephrotic syndrome. Controlled proteinuria was 4.7g after plasmapheresis. The patient used only Prednisolone at a dose of 10 mg daily and although initially diagnosed with acute kidney injury she was not treated with dialysis. Conclusion: early diagnosis and early start of plasmapheresis therapy is vital for treatment of patients with acute kidney injury and TTP (HUS). A small number of patients is refractory to plasmapheresis and introducing Rituximab and plasmapheresis treatment is recommended.

Hemodialysis (HD) is the most frequently used form of renal replacement therapy for many patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). One of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in HD patients is cardiovascular disease (CVD). In 1998, the National Kidney Foundation reported that, at er stratifying for age, race, and gender, mortality from CVD in HD patients was 10-30 times greater than in the general population (1). Despite the neutral ef ect, HD is associated with a number of biochemical abnormalities including dyslipidemia and oxidative stress. Renal dyslipidemia is caused by certain dialysis-related parameters, which may signii cantly af ect lipoprotein metabolism and modify the composition of plasma lipoproteins. It appears that a reduced catabolism and clearance of Apo B-containing lipoproteins of hepatic and intestinal origin constitutes the main abnormality. SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE ACTIVITY AND SERUM LIPID PROFILE IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Abstract Introduction. Bone disease is a chronic complication of chronic kidney disease and major clinical problem in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The aim of our study was to assess the influence of treatment longevity on biochemical parameters of mineral and bone metabolism in HD patients, and to identify the most important parameters. Methods. The research was observational and retrospective, involved 70 patients, mean age 58.69±12.54, divided into groups in respect to the duration of dialysis treatment (Group I-5 years, Group II-5-10 years and Group III-over 10 years). Results. Serum phosphorus was increased, but the values tend to increase along with dialysis duration - (Group I: 1.93±0.45; Group II: 1.97±0.50; Group III: 2.01±0.37; p>0,05). Calcium values were also not significantly increased based on the duration of treatment [Group I: 2.3 (2.2-2.41); Group II: 2.46 (2.15-2.6), Group III: 2.35 (2.10-2.52)]. Dialysis and PTH correlated positively in the first group of patients (Rho=0.470, p=0.013). The values of calcium and alkaline phosphatase correlated positively in all patients (Rho=0.351, p=0.003). PTH was significantly higher in the second and third compared to the first group (p=0.009 and p=0.038, respectively), and there was no significant difference between the second and the third group. Interestingly, parathyroidectomized patients had higher PTH values compared to those without parathyroidectomy (557 vs. 359 pg/ml). Conclusion. The most reliable marker for clinical monitoring of bone disease in dialysis patients is PTH. The values of calcium and phosphorus are highly variable and not reliable parameters for bone disease follow-up.

Abstract Introduction. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in hemodialysis patients. The decline of residual renal function increases the prevalence and severity of risk factors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in these patients. Hypertension is common in dialysis patients and represents an important independent factor of survival in these patients. Methods. The study included 77 patients who are on chronic HD for longer than 3 months. Depending on the measured residual diuresis patients were divided into two groups. The study group consisted of patients with residual diuresis >250 ml/day, while patients from control group had residual diuresis <250 ml/day. All patients had their blood pressure measured before 10 consecutive hemodialysis treatments. Collected data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Results. The study included 77 hemodialysis patients, mean age of 56.56±14.6 years and mean duration of hemodialysis treatment of 24.0 months. Of the total number of patients, 39(50.6%) had preserved residual renal function. Hypertension was more common in the group of patients who did not have preserved residual renal function (68.4% vs 25.6%). There was statistically significant negative linear correlation between the volume of residual urine output and the residual clearance of urea and values of systolic blood pressure [(rho=−0.388; p<0.0001); (rho=−0.392; p<0.0005)], values of mean arterial pressure [(rho =−0.272; p<0.05); (rho=−0.261; p=0.023; p<0.05)] and values of pulse pressure in hemodialysis patients [(rho =−0.387; p<0.001); (rho=−0.400; p<0.0005)]. Conclusions. Residual renal function plays an important role in controlling blood pressure in patients on hemodialysis. More attention should be directed to preserve residual renal function, and after the start of hemodialysis by avoiding intensive ultrafiltration with optimal antihypertensive therapy.

Introduction: Based on the statistics the population in Bosnia and Herzegovina is getting older. In 2013 the average life span for women was 73.6 years and 68.1 for men. The chronic hemodialysis program is mainly reserved for elderly patients with high mortality risk. The most common cause of hemodialysis mortality relates to cardiovascular diseases (60.2%), regardless of frequent innovations and improvement of hemodialysis procedures. The aim of the study: was to determine the mortality rate by age groups with comments on the presence of non-traditional predictors (anemia, hypoalbuminemia, CRP, vascular access and PTH) in dialysis patients in the follow-up period of 36 months. Methods: The study included all patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis treatment at the Clinic of Hemodialysis of the Clinical Center University of Sarajevo (CCUS). Results: Out of a total number of hemodialysis patients (n=232), the specific mortality rate in patients under 65 years of age was 16.8%, and 50.5% in patients over 65 years of age. According to the age groups the mortality rate in elderly patients is as follows: from 65 to 74 years (45.1%), from 75 to 84 years (55.0%), over ≥85 years (75.0%). The most frequent vascular access in patients under and above 65 is arteriovenous fistula (79.6% and 62.1 %), temporary hemodialysis catheter (11.7% and 43.8 %) and long-term hemodialysis catheter (8.8% and 4.2 %). In the age group under 65 years of age the temporary hemodialysis catheter is significantly and more frequently used in diseased patients in respect to survivors (34.8% vs. 7.0%) [χ2(2)=15.769, p=0.001]. Diseased patients from the age group over 65 had a significantly lower mean value of haemoglobin in blood (M=100.9±17.5 g/L) in respect to survivors (M=109.2±17.1)[t(93)=2.339; p=0.021], lower mean value of albumin in blood (Me=32.0; IQR=29.0 do 35.0) in respect to survivors (Me=34.0; IQR=32.0 to 38.0) [U=762.5; p=0.006], and higher mean value of CRP in blood (Me=19.3 mg/L; IQR=6.6 to 52.0) in respect to survivors (Me=7.8; IQR=4.0 to 16.7) [U=773.5; p=0.008]. Diseased patients belonging to the age group over 65 had lower mean value of PTH, but without statistical significance (p>0.05). Conclusion: older age, temporary vascular access, anaemia and hypoalbuminemia are strong predictors of mortality in hemodialysis patients. Old age does not present contraindication for hemodialysis treatment, and treatment of terminal renal illness should not be abandoned.

Introduction: Increased levels of C-Reactive Protein are found in 30-60% on hemodialysis patients and it is closely associated with the progression of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Non enzymatic antioxidants are antioxidants which primarily retain potentially dangerous ions of iron and copper in their inactive form and thereby prevent its participation in the production of free radicals. Aim: The aim of the study was to examine the relationship of CRP and non enzymatic antioxidants (albumin, ferritin, uric acid and bilirubin) i.e. examine the importance of CRP as a serum biomarker in assessing the condition of inflammation and its relationship to antioxidant protection in patients on hemodialysis. Methods: The study was cross-sectional, clinical, comparative and descriptive. The study involved 100 patients (non diabetic) on chronic hemodialysis. The control group consisted of 50 subjects without subjective and objective indicators of chronic renal disease. In all patients, the concentration of CRP as well as concentrations of non enzymatic antioxidants were determined. Results: In the group of hemodialysis patients 60% were men and 40% women. The average age of hemodialysis patients was 54.13 ± 11.8 years and the average age of the control group 41.72 ± 9.8 years. The average duration of hemodialysis treatment was 91.42 ± 76.2 months. In the group of hemodialysis patients statistically significant, negative linear correlation was determined between the concentration of CRP in and albumin concentration (rho = -0.251, p = 0.012) as well as negative, statistics insignificant, linear correlation between serum CRP and the concentration of uric acid (r = -0.077, p = 0.448). Furthermore, the positive, linear correlation was determined between serum CRP and ferritin (r = 0.159, p = 0.114) and positive linear correlation between CRP and total serum bilirubin (r = 0.121, p = 0.230). In the control group was determined a statistically significant, positive, linear correlation between serum CRP and uric acid concentration (rho = 0.438, p = 0.001) and statistically significant, positive, linear correlation between serum CRP and total serum bilirubin (rho = 0.510, p = 0.0001) A statistically significant, negative linear correlation was determined between CRP and albumin concentration (rho= -0.393, p = 0.005) as well as statistically significant, negative linear correlation between serum CRP and ferritin control group (rho = -0.391, p = 0.005). Conclusion: Elevated CRP level is a strong and independent predictor of low levels of serum albumin, which indicates that the hypoalbuminemia in hemodialysis patients could be more due to inflammation than malnutrition. There was no statistically significant correlation between CRP and other non enzymatic antioxidants (uric acid, ferritin, bilirubin), which shows that indicators of antioxidant defense in hemodialysis patients must be individually measured to determine their actual stocks and activity.