Introduction: Coinfection with HIV and tuberculosis (TB) represents a significant clinical and public health challenge, as tuberculosis remains one of the leading opportunistic infections among people living with HIV. Immunosuppression caused by HIV infection increases the risk of developing active tuberculosis as well as disseminated and severe clinical forms of the disease. The aim: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of HIV-tuberculosis coinfection among patients treated at a tertiary care center in the Republic of Srpska. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, including patients diagnosed with HIV infection between 2016 and 2026 who were treated at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases, University Clinical Center of the Republic of Srpska. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, CD4 lymphocyte counts, the presence of active or latent tuberculosis, comorbidities, and treatment outcomes were analyzed. Results: The study included 103 patients with HIV infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was confirmed in 21 patients (20.38%). Active tuberculosis was diagnosed in 5 patients (4.85%), while latent tuberculosis infection was identified in 16 patients (15.53%) using the IGRA test. All patients with active tuberculosis were male, predominantly aged 20-40 years, with a mean CD4 lymphocyte count of 48 cells/µL. The most common clinical form was cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis. Latent tuberculosis was more frequently detected in patients aged 40-60 years, with a mean CD4 count of 295 cells/µL. Conclusion: Although the overall prevalence of tuberculosis among people living with HIV is relatively low, coinfection remains a significant clinical challenge due to its association with advanced immunosuppression and severe clinical forms of disease. Early screening for latent tuberculosis and timely initiation of preventive therapy represents key strategies for reducing morbidity and mortality in this population.

Introduction: Respiratory manifestations of ANCA vasculitis (manifestations of the upper and lower respiratory tract) are a common clinical presentation of this type of vasculitis. The aim: Show the frequency and type of respiratory manifestations in 3 clinical presentations of ANCA vasculitis as well as the impact on patient survival (1-year, 3-year and 5-year) for all patients together as well as the differences in survival in 3 clinical presentations of ANCA vasculitis. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 27 patients with ANCA vasculitis who were admitted to the nephrology department of the Internal Medicine Clinic of the University Clinical Center in the period from 2007-2023. The clinical presentations of ANCA vasculitis, differences in the involvement of individual organ systems between the 3 most important clinical presentations, respiratory manifestations of the disease and their impact on patient survival were analyzed. Results: There were 27 patients, 14 men and 13 women, the average age of patients at the time of diagnosis of the disease was 57. 8 years. The follow-up time was from 8 months to 16 years. The clinical presentation of patients with ANCA vasculitis was microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) in 17 patients, granulomatosis with angiitis (GPA) in 7 patients and isolated renal vasculitis in 4 patients. 13 patients had respiratory manifestations of the disease, 3 with manifestations of the upper respiratory tract, 10 with pulmonary manifestations, 3 with the most severe clinical picture of pulmonary syndrome. Fatal outcome because there were 4 patients, all with MPA. Cumulative 1-year, 3-year and 5-year survival times were 96. 3%, 92% and 88. 2%. Conclusion: Respiratory manifestations of the disease at the time of diagnosis of ANCA vasculitis did not have a statistically significant effect on patient survival. There was no significant difference in survival in the 3 clinical presentations of ANCA vasculitis.

The paper examines the role of revolutionary and mass songs in music instruction and musical activities in elementary schools in PR/SR Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although the educational system underwent various reform processes that affected the curriculum of music lessons, the revolutionary songs retained their continuity. Drawing on research of the archival materials, curricula in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1948-1980), and songbooks, we present some of the revolutionary songs included in the children’s repertoire, as well as compositions inspired by the national liberation struggle by Yugoslav and Bosnian-Herzegovinian composers. The paper aims to highlight the importance of this repertoire for shaping the musical identity of elementary school students in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that occurs when the body cannot properly use or does not produce enough insulin. This leads to hyperglycemia, or elevated blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for about 90-95% of all diabetic cases. Aim: To examine the association of behavioral factors with the development of chronic complications and the degree of glycoregulation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The research was conducted as a descriptive study on a sample of 215 subjects with a diagnosis of T2DM set in accordance with the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), treated at the Srbac Health Center and the Banja Luka Health Center in the period March-November 2024. The subjects were selected using a random sample method. They filled out a questionnaire with general and sociodemographic data and a questionnaire with medical data and laboratory analyses. Results: Smoking, physical inactivity, inadequate diet and alcohol consumption have a significant impact on the occurrence of certain complications, such as retinopathy, neuropathy, ischemic heart disease and peripheral vasculopathy. Poor blood glucose control and elevated HbA1c values, together with an unfavorable lipid profile and the presence of hypertension, further increase the risk of developing complications. Smoking, physical inactivity and poor diet have a statistically significant association with poorer glycoregulation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: The significance of this study lies in the fact that it indicates the necessity of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of diabetes, which must not be focused exclusively on blood sugar regulation, but must include lifestyle changes, monitoring of lipid status and blood pressure, as well as systematic patient education.

Insecticides have historically played, and still play, a very significant role in protecting humans and animals from numerous pests. This role consists not only of protection from the effects of the disturbance caused by numerous insects to animals and humans but also of controlling infectious diseases that these pests can transmit. In addition to public hygiene and veterinary medicine, these agents have found their application in agriculture, where they are intended to protect crops from numerous pests. It has been shown that agricultural yields are significantly higher when these agents are used. The importance of insecticides and their application for the mentioned purposes is best demonstrated by the fact that today approximately 40% of the world's population lives in areas with a high risk of malaria infection, and it is known that about 4 million people die from this disease annually, with hundreds of millions falling seriously ill. In addition to malaria, Dengue fever, which is also transmitted by mosquitoes, should be mentioned, affecting 35-50 million people annually (according to other authors, 50-100 million) and significant A large number unfortunately die. Here, one should also mention the so-called 'River Blindness', a disease that affects people in the Amazon River valley, as it is caused by a certain fly, after it bites the eyelid. To date, several tens of thousands of chemical substances have been introduced into practice, which are used to control insects in agriculture. In order to increase crop yields, as well as the production of larger quantities of meat, today several million tons of various pesticides are introduced into the environment worldwide each year, a significant portion of which are insecticides. Although these substances, as already mentioned, have a very important positive role, it should be emphasized that their (often irrational) use can also have negative consequences, which are reflected in the development of resistance in insects, the occurrence of residues in food, drinking water, soil, and air, direct or indirect toxic effects on humans and animals, as well as harmful effects on the environment and numerous organisms living in it.

Background: The relationship between the morphometric characteristics of the incisive papilla and dental arch width represents an important aspect in assessing anatomical and prosthetic relationships in the anterior maxilla. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between maxillary dental arch width and morphometric characteristics of the incisive papilla (length, width, shape). Materials and Methods: A total of 180 subjects of both sexes, aged 20-40 years, with complete dentition and different skeletal classes were included in the study. Results: The results indicate that the transverse dimensions of the maxillary dental arch (13-23, 14-24, and 16-26) are significantly associated with the morphological parameters of the palate and the incisive papilla. The width of the incisive papilla emerged as the most significant predictor in all regression models, confirming its importance as a stable anatomical landmark in prosthetic rehabilitation of edentulous patients. The shape of the incisive papilla did not show a statistically significant influence on dental arch width, nor was there a significant interaction between sex and papilla shape. Conclusion: The width of the incisive papilla represents the most significant predictor of the transverse dimensions of the maxillary dental arch. This correlation has important implications in prosthodontics for understanding individual anatomical variations and improving clinical practice.

Background: Early risk stratification in hospitalised patients with coronavirus disease 2019 is clinically important, where management relies on routinely available laboratory data. This study evaluated the association of conventional inflammatory, coagulation, hematologic, and oxygenation-related parameters, together with derived thrombo-inflammatory indices, with in-hospital mortality. Methods: This retrospective single-centre cohort study included 78 hospitalised patients with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 and documented in-hospital outcomes. Variables included oxygen saturation, leukocyte differential parameters, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, urea, and creatinine. Derived indices included neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index, systemic inflammation response index, D-dimer-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio, and an exploratory scaled thrombo-inflammatory hypoxemia-lymphopenia index. Group comparisons, receiver operating characteristic analysis, and age-adjusted logistic regression were performed. Results: Of the 78 patients, 66 survived, and 12 died. Non-survivors had lower oxygen saturation and higher C-reactive protein, D-dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, neutrophil percentage and count, and lower lymphocyte percentage and count. Among the derived indices, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index, systemic inflammation response index, D-dimer-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio, and the exploratory scaled thrombo-inflammatory hypoxemia-lymphopenia index were higher in non-survivors. C-reactive protein, D-dimer, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, D-dimer-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio, and the exploratory scaled thrombo-inflammatory hypoxemia-lymphopenia index remained associated with mortality in age-adjusted models. Conclusion: In hospitalised patients with coronavirus disease 2019, in-hospital mortality was associated with higher systemic inflammation, greater coagulation activation, more pronounced lymphopenia, and lower oxygen saturation. Routine laboratory biomarkers and derived thrombo-inflammatory indices may support early mortality-oriented risk stratification.