In this work, the absorption spectra of cobalt(II) nitrate and bromide complexes in the composition 0.3Ca(NO3)2 – 0.7NH4NO3 – H2O have been investigated in the 400-800 nm range of wavelength at T = 328.15 K and atmospheric pressure P = 101.3 kPa. Spectra were recorded in solutions with variable water content (R = H2O/salt mole ratio; R = 1.0, 1.2 and 1.6). The blue shift of the absorption maximum with the water content increase (R) suggest simultaneous coordination by water molecules and nitrate ions. From an analysis of the spectra, it can be concluded that the following: [Co(NO3)4(H2O)2]2−, [Co(NO3)2Br2]2− and [CoBr4]2− complexes were formed. The overall stability constants of these complexes species spectra were calculated at T = 328.15 K.

The paper describes the possible etymological development of the oikonym Vogošća, the name of one of the nine municipalities of Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although the first traces of human presence in the area of Vogošća date back to the Neolithic period, its wider surroundings started being inhabited in Antiquity — first by the Illyrians who, in the early 1st century AD, were defeated by the Romans. The oldest records of this oikonym are found in the 15th and 17th centuries Ottoman cadastral books. Based on these defters, written in sijakat, a variety of the Arabic script, the form of the settlement name may be restored as Gogošta, Ogošta, Vgošta or Vogošta. These forms should be compared with other toponyms that prove both linguistically and geographically approximate, namely with the oikonym Ogošte (Ogošta, Hogošt) in Kosovo and the hydronym Ogosta in Bulgaria. It is assumed that the oikonym Vogošća goes back to the anthroponym August and that the etymological development is as follows: August + suffix -jь + suffix -a > Agọšta > Ogošta > Vogošta. Based on this etymological development, the authors conclude that the basis of this oikonym derives from the Slavic possessive adjective with the meaning ‘Augustʼs,’ the form Vogošća being thus an elliptical toponym. The authors discuss the phonetic changes in the course of this etymological development and provide historical evidence to substantiate the deanthroponymic formation of the oikonym Vogošća: based on the archaeological excavations, it is assumed the Roman military unit Augusta VIII or its veterans were located in the area of Sarajevo.

Many studies have shown that small climate changes can strongly affect the forest trees growth rate, many times causing changes in species habitats. In general, drought is mentioned as the main problem, so it is necessary to carry out its identification and quantification to investigate its effects on forests in Republic of Srpska. This study aims to analyse the relationship between the growth of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) at optimal altitudes in the Republic of Srpska and its climate characteristics represented by the Forestry Aridity Index (FAI) and Ellenberg’s climate quotient (EQ) for 1950-2015 timespan. FAI and EQ were calculated using climate data (temperature and precipitation) extracted from a gridded dataset (E-OBS). Sampling was carried out in two localities near Vlasenica and Mrkonjić Grad at 1050 and 1030 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.), sampling the cores from 15 dominant trees at each locality. Using the Pearson Correlation Analysis, a negative impact on tree rings width (TRW) with rising index values was identified. This is especially pronounced for the index values of the year prior to the ring formation. In general, stronger negative correlations between TRW and EQ are found for the locality near Mrkonjić Grad, while FAI index showed a greater negative impact on TRW for the locality near Vlasenica.

The paper analyses the databases Urban Atlas (UA), Imperviousness, and CORINE Land Cover (CLC) for the largest cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). The UA database contains information for five functional urban zones with more than 100,000 inhabitants: Sarajevo, Banja Luka, Tuzla, Mostar, and Zenica. The Imperviousness database is related to the subclasses of the urban atlas because the impermeability percentage has been used for a more detailed classification within the discontinuous urban area. The CLC database provides insight into the intensity of expansion of these cities during three six-year periods: 2000-2006, 2006-2012, and 2012-2018. The research has been used to analyse the expansion of urban zones, the structure, and form of cities, and the impact of urban expansion on the surrounding area. The results of the research show that, despite the negative demographic trends, there is a trend of urban expansion in B&H, mainly over the agricultural land. According to the CLC database in the period 2000-2018, artificial areas increased in spatial coverage from 1.35% to 1.7%, and urban fabric from 0.99% to 1.27%. The Imperviousness database shows that in 2018sealed areas covered 1.59% and built-up areas 0.8% of the territory of B&H. The 2013 census showed that the number of inhabitants in all five functional urban areas decreased compared to 1991, but despite that fact, the expansion of urban zones continues with a weaker or stronger intensity. So far, there has been no research on urban development based on the high-resolution layers UA and Imperviousness database in B&H, so that such research is the most significant contribution of this article.

Introduction. Conventional high-flux hemodialysis effectively removes uremic toxins of medium molecular weight of 0.5-15 (20) kDa, while postdilution online hemodiafiltration effectively removes uremic toxins of medium molecular weight in the range of 0.5-60 kDa. AIM. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of b2-microglobulin removal from the patient serum during a single session of conventional high-flux hemodialysis and postdilution online hemodiafiltration. METHOD. Eighty-five patients treated with conventional high-flux hemodialysis and thirty patients treated with postdilution online hemodiafiltration were examined. The main parameter for assessing the removal efficiency of medium molecular weight uremic toxins was serum b2microglobulin concentration before and after a single session of conventional high-flux hemodialysis and postdilution online hemodiafiltration. The following were used for statistical analysis: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Student's T test and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS. In patients treated with postdilution online hemodiafiltration, the average total convective volume was 21.38 ± 2.97 liters per session. The b2-microglobulin reduction index for the FX CorDiax 600 dialysis membrane was 61.76 ± 7.32%, while for the FX CorDiax 800 dialysis membrane it was 74.69 ± 6.51%. The albumin reduction index for the FX CorDiax 600 membrane was 3.48 ± 1.28%, and for the FX CorDiax 800 dialysis membrane it was 6.01 ± 2.97%. There is a highly statistically significant difference between the reduction index of b2-microglobulin and albumin, for two different dialysis modalities and two different dialysis membranes (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION. Postdilution online hemodiafiltration is more efficient in removing b2-microglobulin from patient serum, compared to conventional high-flux hemodialysis. Albumin loss during a single session of high-flux hemodialysis is lower compared to a single session of postdilution online hemodiafiltration. With both dialysis modalities, albumin loss is less than 4.0 g/4h. High-flux hemodialysis effectively prevents the development of dialysis-related amyloidosis, while postdilution online hemodiafiltration effectively prevents not only the development of dialysis-related amyloidosis, but also the development of resistance to erythropoietin and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in the population treated with regular dialysis.

Expanded hemodialysis is a method of treatment to replace kidney function, which effectively removes uremic toxins of middle molecular weight from the blood of the patients with the end stage of chronic kidney disease. Two basic principles of removing uremic toxins during an expanded hemodialysis session are diffusion and convection. The basis of diffusion is the concentration gradient, and the basis of convection is internal filtration (covective transport). Increased MCO membrane sieving capacity and high internal filtration provide high clearance of middle molecular weight uremic toxins. Expanded hemodialysis prevents the development of microinflammation, malnutrition, resistance to the action of erythropoietin, amyloidosis, accelerated atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in the population of patients treated with regular dialysis. The task of the nephrologist is to evaluate different dialysis modalities that are available and to select the optimal dialysis modality for the treatment of each patient individually, i.e., the individualization of dialysis treatment.

This work presents a grinding process of monoammonium phosphate (MAP) as an active component in a powder fire extinguisher (PFE). The aim was to determine the grinding time for reaching the optimal particle size of MAP necessary for permanent fire extinguishing. MAP grinding was performed by using a laboratory ceramic ball mill and a vibrating cup mill. The grinding process was controlled by sieving using a 100 ?m sieve at precisely defined time intervals. The efficiency of a PFE depends on the share of the -100 ?m fraction of the active component, which has to exceed 60 %. The optimal grain size with 64 % of fraction of particle size -100 ?m was obtained after 33 min of grinding of ?3000 ?m mm grain size MAP by using a ball mill (single-stage grinding). In two-stage process, by grinding the same initial MAP sample (?3000 ?m) in the vibro mill for 10 min, powder with the upper limit grain size of 300 ?m and the mean grain diameter of 120 ?m was obtained. This sample with a reduced size was further ground in the ceramic ball mill yielding 67.5 % of the fraction of particle size -100 ?m after 19 min. The total time of the two-stage grinding process was 29 min. By analyzing the grinding time of MAP required to get the lowest required share of the fraction of particle size -100 ?m that provides the effectiveness of formed PFE it can be concluded that 64 % of this fraction was obtained after 33 min of single-stage grinding, while only after 26 min in the two-stage process. Thus, the grinding time was reduced by 7 min indicating certain energy savings. Stability and hydrophobicity of the obtained PFE were achieved by coating with magnesium stearate (MgSt) at the content of 2 % in a ball mill for 15 min. The coating was confirmed by the standardized procedure for verification of PFE hydrophobic properties in contact with water drops. To obtained PFE had component mass ratios of MAP:AS:CC:QS:MgSt=55:20:18:5:2 (AS-ammonium sulfate; CC-calcium carbonate, QS-quartz sand) and was further characterized by chemical and granulometric analyses. The fire extinguishing efficiency of the PFE was tested in controlled conditions, whereby fires were initiated by burning solid materials and flammable liquids. In both cases, immediate elimination of flames was achieved, thus proving the efficiency of the PFE obtained in this work for practical applications.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal diseases imply conditions that impact muscles, bones, joints and associated tissues such as tendons and ligaments and, as such, maybe a significantly limiting factor for performing Activities of Daily Living. The therapy with capacitive and resistive electronic transfer has been applied as a type of endogenous thermal treatment for heating the surface and deep tissues, providing tissue reconstruction and pain relief. This paper aims to provide an overview of the efficiency results of capacitive and resistive electronic transfer (CRet) therapy in managing symptoms associated with musculoskeletal disorders found in the available literature. Material and Methods: Articles related to musculoskeletal disorders were searched through electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Lilacs, Cochrane, ResearchGate by the following keywords: capacitive and resistive electronic transfer, Tecar therapy, radiofrequency therapy, musculoskeletal diseases, physiotherapy modalities. After excluding records that are not clinical trials and studies and articles which did not deal with musculoskeletal disorders, 21 articles were eligible and included in the overview. Results: By reviewing the selected articles related to CRet therapy effects on various forms of musculoskeletal disorders, it was found that this therapy has favourable effects in pain reduction, improvement of muscles and joints mobility, and oedema reduction. Its positive effects may be attributed to its capability to increase tissue temperature and improve blood circulation. Conclusion: CRet therapy, applied either solely or in combination with conventional physiotherapies, have rapid and immediate effect, both in chronic and acute conditions. capacitive