Environmental pollution is a big problem for all countries of the world, especially developing countries. Pollution is very present in our country and manifests itself through air, water and soil pollution, but also the increased presence of noise, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation in the environment. Environmental protection is an area of great interest for citizens and competent authorities, especially in the perspective of European integration, and represents a major challenge for the authorities of each country. The environment is one of the most important chapters in the negotiations for accession to the European Union (EU). This chapter deals with EU and Republic of Srpska regulations, with an analysis of the situation in various areas of the environment. It is the obligation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republic of Srpska to implement the aforementioned regulations into the national legislation. A major problem of environmental management is the implementation and application of regulations due to various factors such as: the state of industrial development, national policy, financial situation, lack of trained personnel and laboratories, etc.

Harmful effect of noise to the human health are various, begining from psihological to the irreversible damage of hearing. In order to prevent negative impact to the living and working environment, especially at the urban and industrial places where noise influence is the largest, at the specific location noise estimation must be performed before sources are build. Action of protection as well as reduction of the noise based on law and technical regulations, followed by detailed investigation are mostly applied in Banja Luka, the largest city of Republic of Srpska with huge dense of population and intensive traffic jam. Beside traffic noise, which has strongest effect to the human health, theoretical predictions are also performed for directional speakers, mostly temporary active in urban location during cultural manifestation. Theoretically obtained results from simulations are projected to the map of noise, where are further defined borders between places with enlarged noise in comparatione with referent levels, given by international standards but in agreement with national legislative. Review of data and their analysis in order to determine degree of the environment contamination in the Republic of Srpska with noise is the primary goal of this study. The measurement methods and theoretical assessment tools used for detection and prediction of these physical pollutants, which tend to grow permanently due to lifestyle, are also presented.

Waste is a by-product of human activities and living. With the increase in the number of inhabitants, the standard of living and urbanization, the quantities of municipal waste are increasing day by day. Every segment of waste management starting from generation, through collection, storage, transport, treatment and disposal can pose a potential hazard to human health and the environment. Waste management in Republic of Srpska is organized at the regional level. Since only waste disposal is still present in the Republic of Srpska, the regional approach implies that there is a landfill on the territory of one of the local self-government units, where all local self-government units in the region dispose of waste. In addition, waste disposal in illegal and unregulated landfills is still evident. LGUs or utility companies often face a lack of money to organize waste collection, with the result that not all households are covered by waste collection. In recent years, a lot has been invested in infrastructure, such as the filling of containers and containers and the purchase of new or newer used waste collection vehicles. Future directions of improving the waste management system in Republic of Srpska must go in the direction of sustainable waste management, ie waste management in a way to reduce the negative impact on human health and the environment, as well as avoiding leaving this problem to future generations.

Red mud is the main by-product of the production of alumina according to the Bayer process. It is a highly alkaline, brick-red suspension. It is characterized by a diversity of chemical and mineralogical composition. The main elements in red mud are Fe, Al, Si, Ti, Na, Ca, and they account for about 90% of the mass of the mud. In addition to these, a large number of other components can be found in minor quantities. Most elements are present in the form of oxides and hydroxides in various minerals. The demand for aluminum is constantly growing, the amount of discharged red mud is continually increasing. The annual amount of red mud produced globally, is already estimated at 200 million tons, and further growth is expected. High production rates and only minimal and sporadic utilization of red mud have resulted in the accumulation of large quantities of disposed red mud, so that the global red mud stockpile is estimated at more than 5 billion tons. In addition to financial costs, the disposal of red mud also poses certain risks to the environment. For this reason, the safe disposal of red mud is one of the main concerns of all alumina producers. Reducing the amount of red mud that is disposed of, and consequently reducing the risks and costs, requires constant efforts to find procedures for its valorization. The possibilities of valorization of red mud are diverse. It has been shown that red mud can be successfully used in many areas, such as construction, metallurgy, chemical industry, environmental protection, agriculture, etc. Analyzing the patents related to the use of red mud, it can be observed that 12% of the patents refer to the wastewater and waste treatment. The heterogeneous composition of red mud indicates the possibility of its application as a composite sorbent. The application of red mud as a low-cost sorbent has been extensively investigated, and favorable results have been obtained in the sorption of metals and metalloids, radionuclides, phosphates, nitrates, fluorides, dyes and phenols, etc. In order to increase the sorption capacity of red mud and obtain a more environmentally friendly sorbent, various treatment techniques are applied. These treatment techniques can modify the physical and chemical properties, which can lead to a change in alkalinity, specific surface area and porosity, a change in the number of active sorption sites, and its surface charge can also be changed. Modifications of red mud to remove various types of pollutants have shown promising results. Many studies have shown that red mud can be used as an efficient and low-cost sorbent for removing heavy metal cations from solutions, such as Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ , Cd2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Sr2+, Cs2+, as well as for the treatment of waste water and leachate from landfills and mines. During the removal of heavy metals from solutions using red mud, various mass transfer phenomena occur: physical and chemical adsorption, surface precipitation, co-precipitation, ion exchange, precipitation, complexation, hydration, dissolution, etc. Despite the numerous possibilities of application and the benefits that arise from it, we still do not have a significant utilization of red mud.

This paper investigates the integration of fuzzy logic and neural networks for disease detection using the Matlab environment. Disease detection is key in medical diagnostics, and the combination of fuzzy logic and neural networks offers an advanced methodology for the analysis and interpretation of medical data. Fuzzy logic is used for modeling and resolving uncertainty in diagnostic processes, while neural networks are applied for indepth processing and analysis of images relevant to disease diagnosis. This paper demonstrates the development and implementation of a simulation system in Matlab, using real medical data and images of organs for the purpose of detecting specific diseases, with a special focus on the application in the diagnosis of kidney diseases. Combining fuzzy logic and neural networks, simulation offers precision and robustness in the diagnosis process, opening the door to advanced medical information systems

A shift from a paradigm focused on content and a teacher as a transmitter of that content, to a paradigm focused on learning outcomes or competence, has been conditioned by a change in considering humans as active participants in their own life, for which the efforts of psychology in presenting self-regulation as a mechanism of assuming an active role in one’s own life are significant (Bandura, 1991). The principles of this paradigm are noticeable in many other considerations, e.g., in sociology - biography of life courses/outcomes, in humanities and helping professions - orientation towards providing support with the aim of self-help. It is precisely the Competency Passport as a tool in counseling work that seeks to identify individual competencies, but not only those acquired through formal education, but we can say overall competencies acquired in one’s life constellations. By a theoretical analysis and synthesis, this paper aims to offer a framework for a well-founded role of social pedagogues as lifelong learning facilitators in socio-pedagogical interventions through the perspective of the Competency Passport. Keywords: competency passport, social pedagogues as lifelong learning facilitators

Created in the 7th century, Uzrit love poetry or desert love poetry is inspired by love. It is named after the tribe to which poet Džemil (Ğamīl), one of the most famous love poets, belonged. In these poems, a lover spends his whole life in longing and absence, yearning for his beloved one. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, European romanticists sang and composed songs following, among others, Uzrit poets. Thus, Heinrich Heine sang the song Der Azra, writing down the Arab tradition of the Banu ʻUzra (Banū ʻUḏra) tribe that "for love lose their heads and die when they kiss". Hajne also influenced romanticists, such as Bašagić and Kostić. We can assume that Bašagić was directly influenced by the Arab love poetry of the desert because he knew the Arabic language, studied at university, and translated numerous poems from the Arabic language. However, when it comes to Kostić, the influence was indirect. A factor that should not be excluded from the research on the influence of Uzrit love, as a phenomenon, on romanticism, but also on the entire literature of the Balkan peoples, is folk poetry, which is filled with motifs from the East, and especially the Uzrit understanding of love. We witness the unavoidable influence of numerous folk songs, which later grew into songs sung with musical instruments, sevdalinkas, which the poets of the Balkans, regardless of national-confessional affiliation were exposed to. That folk lyric sang about exactly what Uzrit poetry sang about and it often drew its motifs from the Uzrit understanding of love. Keywords: comparative literature, Uzrit poetry, romanticism, Safvet-beg Bašagić, Laza Kostić

For many years, cargo traffic was marred by inefficiency, slow work systems, extensive paperwork and inaccuracies in the supply chain and transportation to the final destination. Processes within the chain itself entailed slow work, which resulted in large deviations in terms of transport and delivery time to the end user. To overcome these shortcomings and improve cargo traffic, the focus of the work will be on the application of innovative technologies in cargo traffic, the analysis of the application and the advantages it provides. A special aspect of the work is the analysis of cargo traffic in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the application of innovative technologies in its area.

Context: Evaluation of visual quality in soft and rigid gas-permeable contact lens wearers, with an emphasis on twilight vision. Purpose: To assess the visual acuity and visual performance at dusk before and after soft and rigid gas-permeable contact lens (CL) correction in healthy subjects. Settings and Design: This prospective study was conducted in a tertiary eye-care center. Methods: Sixty eyes corrected with soft contact lenses (SCLs) and 30 eyes with rigid gas-permeable contact lenses (RGPCLs) were enrolled in this study. Patients underwent corrected distance visual acuity with spectacles (CDVAs), corrected distance visual acuity with contact lenses (CDVAcl), and twilight vision (TV) testing (Vista Vision Far-Pola, DMD MedTech charts). Parameters were evaluated before and after the CL fitting and repeated 3 months after the baseline visit. Statistical Analysis Used: MedCalc for Windows, version 11.4 (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium). Results: Rigid gas-permeable CL wear showed significant improvement in CDVAcl compared to wearing spectacles on both visits (P = 0.0039 and P = 0.0003, respectively). TV with CLs was significantly better in both groups compared to the TV with spectacles at the baseline visit (P = 0.0011 in SCL group; P = 0.0001 in RGPCL group), and at the follow-up visit, this significance was proven for the RGPCL group (P = 0.001). Also, spectacle TV showed a significant improvement on the follow-up visit (P = 0.0022 in SCL group; P = 0.0269 in RGPCL group). Conclusion: Contact lens wear improves visual performance compared to spectacles. TV results showed superiority of CLs compared to the spectacles, without a statistical difference regarding the CL type.

Europski ariš (Larix decidua Mill.) pokazao je vrlo dobar rast i prilagodljivost ekološkim uvjetima u Bosni i Hercegovini. Cilj istraživanja je utvrditi varijabilnost morfoloških svojstava ariša na pokusnoj površini kod Kaknja, te varijabilnosti u početku osržavanja, kao i postojanje korelacija između ovih svojstava. U sjemenskoj sastojini ariša, osnovanoj sadnicama starosti 2+0 1979. godine, napravljena je trajna pokusna površina od 0,45 hektara i na njoj mjerene su visine i promjeri stabala 2002. i 2020. godine, te izračunate temeljnica i volumen. Stabla su 2020. godine bušena na prsnoj visini Preslerovim svrdlom kako bi se odredio udio osrženosti. Izračunate su prosječne vrijednosti svih svojstava. Zatim je odabrano po deset, pet i jedno najbolje stablo po svojstvima promjera, visine, temeljnice, volumena i izračunate razlike između prosječnih vrijednosti za deset stabala i ukupnog prosjeka, prosjeka za pet stabala i ukupnog prosjeka, te razlike između maksimalnih i prosječnih vrijednosti za istraživana svojstva. Također je izračunavat Pearsonov koeficijent korelacije između svih istraživanih svojstava. Prosječan promjer stabala starih 41 godinu bio je 24,6 cm, prosječna visina 21,8 m. Rezultati istraživanja osrženosti su pokazali da ariš prosječno počinje osržavati pri starosti od 14 godina. Pearsonov koeficijent korelacije za 2020. godinu pokazuje da postoji negativna korelacija između početka osržavanja prema svim ostalim svojstvima, odnosno stabla koja ranije osržavaju imaju veće vrijednosti svojstava rasta. Rezultati će biti korišteni u procesima individualne selekcije ariša sa dobrim visinskim i debljinskim prirastom i ranim osržavanjem.

<p style="text-align: justify;">Gazelles represent fast-growing companies that significantly contribute to company growth and creation of new jobs. Different definitions of gazelles and criteria for their categorization are mentioned in the literature. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that definitional differences and conceptual understanding of gazelles, as well as the criteria for classifying them, significantly affect the number of companies that can be categorized as "fast-growing". This paper analyses companies from Bosnia and Herzegovina and reveals significant deviations in the number and sector of companies that may be considered fast-growing. The deviations depend on the period of company observation (three-year vs. five-year period), as well as the applied criteria (income growth vs. increase in the number of employees). Likewise, the application of different definitions of growth, different criteria for measuring company growth, different indicators (relative vs. absolute) as well as different time frames significantly affect the interpretation of growth. The argument argues that such instances significantly affect the categorization and registration of companies that may or may not be considered fast-growing. Our research also confirms that workplace generators are precisely those firms whose expansive growth lasts beyond the initial three years but once they operate beyond four or more years, their power to generate jobs decreases significantly. The results of this analysis also indicate that in Bosnia and Herzegovina, fast-growing companies are, to a certain extent, new job generators.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>JEL:</strong> M13, M21, L25</p>

This research will look at the requirements that must be possessed by Qur'an commentators who have developed in every era. As a limitation, this research focuses on the affirmative era of interpretation (8-15 AD) and reformative era of interpretation (19 AD). The main sources of this research are four books written by commentators representing each era; two commentators from affirmative era of interpretation; Az-Zarkasyi and As-Suyuthi, and two commentators from reformative era of interpretation; Ahmad As-Syurbashi and Quraish Shihab. Using a socio-historical approach, this literature-based qualitative research concludes that there have been developments in the requirements of commentators in each era. From only to require mastering Ulumul Qur'an skills to demand of mastering a set of modern knowledge. All of this cannot be separated from the influence of historical facts on the problems and demands of the times faced by these commentators.

The COVID-19 outbreak forced many changes in education, including teaching techniques, teacher-student interactions, materials, and assessment practices. The present study aims to uncover students' opinions on the types of exams they took, their evaluation of the testing/ assessment practices they experienced, whether online learning influenced the way they prepared for the exams, whether they would like to keep the testing/assessment practices in the new normal and how they evaluate the teacher's role as an assessor. The data for the study were collected in Türkiye (TUR), the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM), Poland (POL), and Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) using cross-culturally valid questionnaires including items asking students to evaluate the teaching, assessment, and interaction skills of their teachers during the first "emergency online teaching semester". Both closed- and open-ended items were included in the data collection tools. Responses to the items in the questionnaires were analysed quantitatively, keeping in mind country and context-specific peculiarities. The study results show similarities in the ways students were evaluated and their perceptions of evaluation procedures during the COVID-19 period, as well as contextual differences in the four countries.

This review paper explores the use of miswak, a teeth-cleaning twig made from the Salvadora persica plant, in maintaining oral hygiene and preventing oral diseases. Various aspects of miswak are analyzed, including its historical significance, chemical composition, pharmacological characteristics, and beneficial effects on oral health. The paper also investigates the Islamic perspective on oral hygiene and the use of miswak, as well as the socio-medical aspect of oral disease prevention. While there are studies that point out potential drawbacks of miswak usage, proper application and combination with conventional oral hygiene methods can result in good oral health. Considering its cost-effectiveness and the need for affordable oral hygiene methods, further research on the use of miswak is valuable and necessary. This paper provides an overview of modern and relevant scientific literature on miswak and its significance in maintaining oral health, highlighting its journey from tradition to paradigm. Keywords: miswak, oral health, social medicine.