REVIEW / ACTA INFORM MED. 2016 DEC; 24(6): 422-423 HOMER R. WARNER (19222012) Homer R. Warner is one of the pioneers and fathers of medical informatics in the world (1-4). Many aspects of computer applications in medicine is well known, discovered and introduced in the mid-1950’s and late by Homer Warner. He began working on clinical decision support technology in the cardiology department at LDS Hospital. Dr. Warner and his colleagues developed the HELP (Health Evaluation through Logical Processing) system which is still in use today at Intermountain Healthcare. Homer Warner received his bachelor’s and medical degree from the University of Utah, and a doctorate degree in physiology from the University of Minnesota. Dr. Warner founded and became the first chair in the Department of Biomedical Informatics in the School of Medicine which existed under various names since 1972. Dr. Warner’s legacy of excellence and innovation has persisted and the department remains a leader in informatics research, training, and implementation Homer Richards Warner was born on April 18, 1922 and died on November 30, 2012, in Salt Lake City from complications of pancreatitis. During WWII he enlisted in the Naval Air Corps where he was trained to be a carrier-based fighter pilot. After the war he returned to the Utah where he met Katherine Ann Romney and they graduated together in 1946 and later married in the Salt Lake Temple. He graduated from the University of Utah medical school in 1949 and continued his training in Dallas, and then the University of Minnesota. He earned gis PhD in Physiology in 1953. He staretd to work at the Mayo Clinic where where he developed an equation for estimating the beat-by-beat stroke volume of the heart from the shape of the pressure wave in the aorta. His experience with Dr. Earl Wood at the Mayo Clinic was pivotal in his decision to pursue a career in medical research. After that (in 1954) Homer returned to Salt Lake City and with an American Heart research fellowship he opened the Cardiovascular Laboratory at the LDS Hospital. Within four years he published his first article about the use of computers to analyze waveforms. Homer established the Department of Biophysics and Bioengineering (later renamed Medical Informatics) at the University of Utah in 1964 and served as Chair. In the 1960’s Homer built an analog computer to represent mathematical models of the circulation. With this tool he was able to demonstrate for the first time in experiments on animals the amount of blood pumped by the heart during exercise was dependent upon the dilatation of the blood vessels in the exercising muscles. Then, with the digital computer, he developed a model of diagnostic reasoning that could diagThe Most Influential Scientists in the Development of Medical Informatics (15)

Professor Robert Francis Leslie Logan, known to his colleagues as Bob, was professor of Organization of Health Care System at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM). He chaired Department of Community medicine when I studied LSHTM in 1981/1982 as postgraduate student. Professor Logan was an innovative teacher and very communicative person. Concerned that students might lack real life experience when the Masters degree was shortened from two years to one, he introduced a “fi eld service att achment” in which students addressed a practical problem in a district health authority (1). Professor Logan was born in Bangor, Northern Ireland in 1917, during the First World War. He qualifi ed in medicine from Queen’s University, Belfast, where he won several medals and prizes but still found time to gain Blues in athletics and rugby, playing for Lancashire and Ulster after the war. Wartime was service in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, serving on troopships in the Atlantic and North Africa (1). After gaining his MRCP he moved into Industrial medicine and later Social medicine at the University of Manchester. At this University Logan researched occupational lung disease among mill workers and lead exposure in car batt ery factory workers. One year (1955) he spent in the US on a Rockefeller travelling fellowship. Professor Logan’s initiative brought together students from diff erent courses to work in teams to address real problems overseas, such as the health impact of a new dam. Committ ed to interdisciplinary working since his days in Liverpool, Logan appointed staff to teach a range of social sciences, providing the basis for what would become the UK’s fi rst Health Services Research Unit, and strengthened links with the London School of Economics (1, 2). For many years after he retired from LSHTM, prof Logan att ended events at LSHTM and took great interest in the careers of his students. Prof Logan was awarded the school’s honorary fellowship in its centenary year, and he was one of six most infl uential person at the LSHTM, which names are recorded on the mramor’s wall in the foyer of the School theatre, that included names of the former US president Jimmy Carter and Sir Donald Achesson, one of fathers of modern Social medicine, as academic discipline in U.K., together with prof Robert Logan. Logan’s scientifi c and academic work attracted international att ention and researchers at Johns Hopkins invited Logan to join a 12 country study, covering the Americas and Europe (1). The study revealed big diff erences in the way that healthcare was organized and resourced but there were still many gaps in understanding how this related to variations in clinical practice. This issue would be addressed in Logan’s next adventure, the European Collaborative Health Services Studies. Later,, Logan had moved to the LSHTM where recruited a group of students who, on returning to their countries, identifi ed a market town, away from the capital and served by a typical district hospital. These included Colchester in England (R. Logan, H. Sanderson, C. Sanderson, J. Carroll, etc.), Sarajevo and Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of republics in former Yugoslavia (A.Smajkic, D. Niksic, A. Rudic, S. Muhamedagic, I. Masic, etc.), and Viana do Castello, in Portugal (J. G. Sampaio-Faria et all). For most of its existence, the study was supported by the participating hospitals. Its descriptions of how common conditions were managed provided a basis for much subsequent research. Prof Logan’s approach was extremely innovative, drawing on a wide range of disciplines, using a range of methods, and emphasizing what is now termed public and patient involvement. Robert Logan was one of a small group who changed this, pioneering comparative health services research in the late 1960s. As WHO expert of Organization of Health Care prof Logan was in great demand as an adviser to overseas governments. He was involved in the creation of new medical schools in Algeria, a programme for training hospital managers in Saudi Arabia, strategic planning in Singapore, and giving advice on health services for a new town in Iran. He made many trips to Latin America and the Caribbean and was a frequent visitor to Moscow (1).

Information technologies have found their application in virtually every branch of health care. In recent years they have demonstrated their potential in the development of online library, where scientists and researchers can share their latest findings. Academia.edu, ResearchGate, Mendeley, Kudos, with the support of platform GoogleScholar, have indeed increased the visibility of scientific work of one author, and enable a much greater availability of the scientific work to the broader audience. Online libraries have allowed free access to the scientific content to the countries that could not follow the economic costs of getting access to certain scientific bases. Especially great benefit occurred in countries in transition and developing countries. Online libraries have great potential in terms of expanding knowledge, but they also present a major problem for many publishers, because their rights can be violated, which are signed by the author when publishing the paper. In the future it will lead to a major conflict of the author, the editorial board and online database, about the right to scientific content This question certainly represents one of the most pressing issues of publishing, whose future in printed form is already in the past, and the future of the online editions will be a problem of large-scale.

Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 2nd to 3rd December 2016, was host of one of the most exciting meetings in Mediterranean area The First Mediterranean Seminar on Science Writing, Editing & Publishing (SWEP 2016). It was organized by Academy of Medical Sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina, running concurrent sessions as part of its Annual Meeting titled “Days of Academy of Medical Sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina Theory and Practice in Science Communication and Scientometrics”. On the first day, twenty speakers from Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Slovakia and the UK (Asim Kurjak, Milivoj Boranić, Doncho Donev, Osman Sinanović, Miro Jakovljević, Enver Zerem, Dejan Milošević, Silva Dobrić, Martin Rusnak, Srećko Gajović, Izet Mašić, Armen Yuri Gasparyan, Šekib Sokolović, Nermin Salkić, Selma Uzunović, Admir Kurtčehajić, Edin Begić and Floreta Kurti) had a range of presentations about scientific and publishing integrity, principles of scientific communication and unethical behavior in science and publishing, as well as strategic approaches and directions to prevent, detect and manage fraud and misconduct in scientific publishing. Some of speakers are also editors of journals like Medical Archives, Croatian Medical Journal, Vojnosanitetski Pregled, Psychiatria Danubina, Acta Informatica Medica, Materia Socio-Medica, The Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Acta Medica Saliniana, Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicinski Glasnik. MEETING REPORT

AIM To assess the health status among dentists in Croatia regarding the symptoms of musculoskeletal, dermatological, sight, hearing and neurological disorders. METHODS The anonymous online survey was conducted among 506 Croatian dentists. RESULTS It was found that over 78.18% of the surveyed dentists experienced work related pain in upper back, 76.97% of them in lower back. Work-related skin problems were reported by 29.29% of dentists. Vision problems were reported by 46.87% and hearing problems by 19.03% of participants. Neurological disorders were reported by 15.76% of dentists. CONCLUSION This study is the first to report on the overall health status of Croatian dentists and, unfortunately, it showed undesirable results. Numerous health hazards, increased professional requirements and limited ergonomics in the work environment of Croatian dental practitioners cause various health disorders, and the prevalence of occupational diseases is very high.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the presence of antimicrobial resistance / susceptibility strains of Escherichia coli in inpatients and outpatients. Materials and methods: It is a retrospective study carried out at the Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Virology Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo. In cooperation with the Microbiological laboratory of the Cantonal Hospital Zenica and the Microbiological laboratory of the General Hospital Tesanj, 3863 urine samples were processed in the period from March 1st to March 31st 2016. Results: Our study showed that E. coli had the highest antimicrobial resistance to trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole (38.61%), followed by amoxicillin / clavulanic acid (19.62%), ciprofloxacin (9.49%), gentamicin (8.86%), cephalexin (8.23%), nitrofurantoin (8.23%), cefuroxime (7.52%), ceftazidime (6.33%), cefuroxime (89.87%), amikacin (4.43%). Conclusions: The isolated strains of E. coli showed the highest resistance to trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole and amoxicillin / clavulanic acid. The isolated strains of E. coli showed the greatest susceptibility to amikacin and ceftazidime. Gender distribution of positive E. coli isolates showed statistically significant differences in favor of females.

. Apple genetic resources in Norway are currently conserved within a number of local clonal archives. However, during establishment of these ex situ collections, primary focus was not on capturing as much of the diversity as possible, but instead on preserving cultivars of particular importance to specific fruit-growing areas. To identify redun- dancies within the collection as well as to assess the genetic diversity and structure of apple germplasm currently being conserved in Norway, eight microsatellites were used in genetic characterization of 181 apple accessions. Overall, 14 cases of synonym or possibly mislabeled accessions were identified, as well as several homonyms and duplicates within and among the analyzed collections. The information obtained should contribute to overall better management of the preserved germplasm. Bayesian analysis of genetic structure revealed two major clusters, one containing most of the foreign cultivars, while the other consisted mainly of traditional Scandinavian cultivars, but also some very winter-hardy genotypes such as ‘Charlamovsky’, ‘Gravenstein’, ‘Transparente Blanche’, and ‘Wealthy’. Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) detected a signifi- cant genetic differentiation among the clusters ( f CT = 0.077; P < 0.01).

Object: The incidence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-related complications after intradural spinal tumor (IST) surgery is high and reported in up to 18% of patients. However, no efficient way to prevent those complications has been reported so far. Treating these complications may require prolonged bed rest, re-exploration, external lumbar drain, use of antibiotics, and possible precipitation of other complications. To alleviate the risk of CSF-related complications, we prospectively adopted the intraoperative use of autologous fat grafting after IST surgery. Methods: This is a perspective analysis of 37 cases (out of 40 cases series) that a prospective use of abdominal fat autograft was applied during dural closure. After the tumor was resected and the dura closed, we used the Valsalva maneuver to ensure watertight closure. CSF leak was prevented with the enforcement of suture with a fat autograft as necessary. In addition a thin layer of fat tissue was then placed over the dura to obliterate any dead space. Fibrin glue was then applied over the graft. Filling the dead space with the fat graft prevented a low-pressure space in which CSF could pool and form a pseudomeningocele. Results: After adopting the fat autograft technique, we did not observe any post-surgery CSF-related complications in any of these patients. Conclusions: The prospective use of autologous fat grafting can ensure watertight dural closure and obliterate the dead space created during surgical exposure and bone removal. This technique significantly reduces, and may completely eliminate, postoperative CSF-related complications in patients with ISTs.

This paper describes the two-step method used to analyse the factors and aspects influencing human error during the maintenance of mining machines. The first step is the cause-effect analysis, supported by brainstorming, where five factors and 21 aspects are identified. During the second step, the group fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is used to rank the identified factors and aspects. A case study is done on mining companies in Serbia. The key aspects are ranked according to an analysis that included experts who assess risks in mining companies (a maintenance engineer, a technologist, an ergonomist, a psychologist, and an organisational scientist). Failure to follow technical maintenance instructions, poor organisation of the training process, inadequate diagnostic equipment, and a lack of understanding of the work process are identified as the most important causes of human error.