Nutrients are chemical substances obtained from food. They have different roles in body.  Some are used as energy source, some as structural materials, and regulating agents. Nutrients may reduce the risks of some diseases. There are some recommendations about dietary intake of these nutrients for optimal health. This study aimed to estimate average calcium and magnesium content in day meal in a sample of students from Faculty of Medicine of Sarajevo University. A cross-sectional study was conducted during academic 2015/16 year at Faculty of Medicine of Sarajevo University. The survey covered 44 students. The research instrument was a self-administered questionnaire, by which 3-Day Diet Record was provided. The average intakes of calcium and magnesium were estimated using Nutritional analysis computer program (Nutrics Professional Nutrition Analysis Software). On daily level average intake of calcium was 718.39±311.14 mg in total sample and average intake of magnesium was 292.57±310.10 mg in total sample. Average Ca/Mg ratio was 2.45. In our sample cheese was top source of calcium with Ca/Mg ratio of 32.5, and bread was top source of magnesium with Ca/Mg ratio of 3.1. These results emphasize the importance of monitoring the food nutrition facts in order to achieve adequate nutrients intake.

Overweight and obesity are major public health issues worldwide. There is increased risk of obesity‐related morbidity due to accumulation of abdominal fat. Regulation of body weight depends on physical activity and diet. Young adulthood is very critical period due to a tendency to gain weight and adopt poor dietary and exercise habits. This study aimed to investigate the relationships of the anthropometrical parameters with physical activity domains in everyday life and sedentary behavior among students of sixth year of the Faculty of Medicine of Sarajevo University. A cross-sectional study was conducted during May 2020. The survey covered 56 students, aged 24, who responded online to questionnaire. A self-administered questionnaire composed of two blocks of questions. In the first block of the questionnaire, questions were related to sex, and anthropometric measures. The second block referred to the practice of physical activity (vigorous, moderate, and walking), and sitting during seven days. The data collected were processed by the descriptive statistical procedure. Overweight and obesity was found at 11(19.65%). In sample 46.43% performed vigorous intensity activities that meet with WHO criteria, 58.93 performed moderate intensity activities that meet with WHO criteria, and 39.29% performed walking activities that meet with WHO criteria. There were positive, statistically significant difference between indicators of abdominal obesity and the average time spent during 7 days in vigorous physical activity. Health and physical educators can utilize these findings to better understand that physical activity, trying to balance diet and activities.

Emerging adulthood is typically defined as 18-25 years of age. It may be a particularly important time for establishing long-term health behavior patterns. The transition between adolescence and adulthood is a period of increased risk for excess weight gain, because of shifts in activity patterns as well as declines in overall-diet quality. Sugar-sweetened beverages, a great source of added sugar to the diet, contribute to energy imbalance. A small, persistent energy imbalance of 50 calories per day could result in a 5-pound weight gain over the course of one year. This study aimed to assess the nourish status in a sample of students from Faculty of Medicine of Sarajevo University and correlate it with student consumption pattern of sugar-sweetened beverages. A cross-sectional survey of 246 students was performed during May 2018, at the Sarajevo University. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants before completing the self-administered questionnaire that included questions on their frequency of consumption of SSBs eating habits and anthropometrics measures, weight and height. Body mass index was used to assess students nourish status. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (IBM, version 23.0). Results were expressed as percentages and means ± standard deviations. This study showed that the majority of the students (69.26%) were of normal weight. One quarter of sample (26.83%) had BMI > 24.9. Intake of soda was more common among students with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 than students with BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/m2 (78.79% vs. 63.89% respectively). Among students with BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/m2, 73.33% reported drinking energy drink never compared to 42.42% students with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. This study gives baseline information about weight status and consumption pattern of SSBs among a sample of university students. Regulating the intake of free sugars could be used as an approach for successful body weight control.

University students experience numerous health-related behavioral changes, including the adoption of unhealthy dietary habits. This study aimed to assess the nourish status in a sample of students from Faculty of Medicine of Sarajevo University and correlate it with students eating habits. A cross-sectional survey of 68 students was performed during February and March 2016, at the Sarajevo University. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants before completing the self-administered questionnaire that included questions on their eating habits and anthropometrics measures, weight and height. Body mass index was used to assess students nourish status. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (version 13.0). This study showed that the majority of the students (69.12%) were of normal weight. Intakes of fruit and raw vegetables were more common among students with BMI≤24.9 kg/m 2 than students with BMI≥25 kg/m 2 (P=0.0004 and P=0.046 respectively). Consumption frequency of coca cola and beverages was less common (P=0.005) among students with BMI≤24.9 kg/m 2 . This study gives baseline information about weight status and eating habits among a sample of university students. Regulating the energy density of food could be used as an approach for successful body weight control.

Introduction: The met-enkephalin (1-5 Adrenorphin) and tridecactide (alpha-corticotropin 1-13) combination is used in the multiple sclerosis (MS) immuno-modulatory treatment. A testing of cytogenetic effects of met-enkephalin resulted in reductions of lymphocytic aberrations in the in the lymphocytes of the peripheral blood (PBL) of patients with immune-mediated diseases. The aim of this research is to evaluate the in vitro effects of the combination of the met-enkephalin and tridecactide on the number and the type of chromosome aberrations in PBL of the MS patients. Methods: We used blood samples from seven female patients with the diagnosis multiple sclerosis based on a McDonald Diagnostic Criteria. The tested combination, met-enkephalin and alpha-ACTH 1-13 was added at three different concentrations and constant volume. Results: Results showed that the combination of tested substances did not reduce the number of structural aberrations, although the treatment did not result in severe aberrations such as ring, fragmented, and dicentric chromosomes. Furthermore, it elicited an increase in the number of numerical aberrations and aneuploidy after the treatment with the test combo. Conclusion: As the changes in ploidy significantly change the DNA as well as the biochemical cell phenotype, we concluded that more research in this field should be conducted, including both toxicological as well as the pharmacodynamic considerations.

Introduction: There are wide variations in diet patterns among population subgroups. Macronutrients content analyses have become necessary in dietary assessment. The purpose of this study is to analyze dietary saturated fatty acids intake in students, detect differences between men and women, and compare with nourish status and nutrition recommendations.Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 60 graduate students was performed during the spring 2013, at the Sarajevo University. Food-frequency questionnaire was conducted during seven days. Body mass index was used to assess students' nourish status. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (version 13.0).Results: Mean age of males was 26.00±2.72, and of females was 27.01±3.93 years. The prevalence of overweight was more common among males compared to females (55.56% vs. 6.06%). Median of total fat average intake for men and women was 76.32(70.15;114.41) and 69.41(63.23;86.94) g/d, respectively. Median of saturated fatty acids average intake for men and women was 28.86(22.41;36.42) and 24.29(20.53;31.60) g/d, respectively. There was significant difference in average intake of total fat between genders (Mann-Whitney U test: p=0.04). Macronutrient data were related to requirement of reference person. Total fat intake was beyond recommended limits in 37.04% of males and 54.55% of females. Saturated fatty acids intake was beyond the upper limit in 55.56% of males and 51.52% of females.Conclusion: Diet pattern of the average student is not in accordance with the recommendations of saturated fatty acids contribution as a percentage of energy.

Bosnia and Herzegovinais characterized by heterogeneous geological structure, and a high degree of tectonic and the seismic activity as well as various relief and the climatic characteristics and water flows of different gradients. All this reflected on engineering-geological characteristics of the terrain. The main causes of landslides' activation are changes in level of underground waters, chopping down of forest, great rainfalls, snow melting, long drought periods, changes in slopes, changes in load of a slope, rock's wastage, uncontrolled diversion of surface waters, earthquakes etc. Researches on landslides are carried out in order to establish the cause of landslide's origin and to find out efficient overhaul measures. Landslide's overhaul success depends not only on established causes of landslide's origin, but also on use of technical measures for stopping that process. Overhaul measures' carrying out is important in protection of the environment. This paper presents an analysis of co-action of natural factors and negative anthropogenic effect in a settled area, where landslides appear, by its studying and eliminating of causes we are creating the conditions for a successful stabilization of landslides. The paper shows some characteristic landslides with defining of geomorphologic, geologic, engineer geologic, hydrogeologic and geotechnical characteristics of the terrain.

Accelerated atherosclerosis and vascular calcification, with oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and other factors causing the arterial stiffness, increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients on peritoneal dialysis. The aim of this paper is to assess changes in intima media thickness (IMT) at common carotid arteries (CCA) in patients with stable continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (PD) and examine the relationship of these changes and other risk factors on the occurrence of atherosclerosis. The study was conducted on 35 stable PD patients (25 type 2 diabetic patients), aged 58.6 +/- 10.6 years. CCA-IMT was assessed using ultrasound B-mode technique, bilaterally. Other risk factors for the occurrence of atherosclerosis were monitored through regular laboratory control. One atheromatous plaque was found in 19 patients (54.3%). Among 25 type 2 diabetic patients, vascular calcifications were found in 80% patients. In all PD patients, CCA-IMT is 0.77 +/- 0.23, in PD patients with vascular calcifications CCA-IMT is 1.05 +/- 0.2 mm, while in group without vascular calcifications the value of this parameter is 0.56 +/- 0.09 (p<0.01 ). Significant differences were found between PD patients with and without vascular calcifications on CCA in patients age (p<0.001), as well as values of systolic blood pressure (p=0.001), serum phosphorus (p=0.017), product calcium and phosphorus (p=0.021), CRP (p=0.039), triglycerides (p<0.05) and lipoprotein (a) values (p=0.044). Our results suggest an important determination of common carotid arteries intima media thickness and its relation to other risk factors for the occurrence and progression of atherosclerosis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.

Klinefelter Syndrome is the most frequent form of male hypogonadism. It is an endocrine disorder based on sex chromosome aneuploidy. Infertility and gynaecomastia are the two most common symptoms that lead to diagnosis. Diagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome is made by karyotyping. Over 20 years period (1985-2004) 124 patients have been sent to "Center for Human Genetics" of Faculty of Medicine in Sarajevo from different medical centres within Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina with diagnosis suspecta Klinefelter syndrome, azoospermia, sterilitas primaria and hypogonadism for cytogenetic evaluation. Normal karyotype was found in 99 (79.8%) subjects, and karyotype was changed in 25 (20.2%) subjects. Polysomy X was found in 14 (11.3%) examinees. Polysomy X was expressed at the age of sexual maturity in the majority of the cases. Our results suggest that indication for chromosomal evaluation needs to be established at a very young age.

The examination of feet by plantograph was performed in 552 pupils of first, second and fourth grades of elementary school "Harmani II" in Bihać. Examination revealed 201 children (36,42%) with satisfactory condition (pedes recti) while 351 pupils were diagnosed with certain form of feet deformity. Frequencies of feet deformities in girls are 60,00% in first, 65,19% in second and 66,30% in fourth grade. Average frequency of feet deformities in the examined girls is 64,90%. Pedes plani was found in 24,91% pupils. Frequencies of feet deformities in boys are 61,29% in first, 65,54% in second and 52,54% in fourth grade. Average frequency of feet deformities in the examined boys is 62,17%. Pedes plani is the most frequent deformity (23,83%).

An examination of neurophysiologic features of median nerve in third trimester of regularly controlled normal risk pregnancies is performed at the Department of Neurophysiology of Primary Health Centre in Tuzla during January / April 2006. Examined group consisted of 40 young females in third trimester of pregnancy, and average age of 25,6 +/- 4,9 years. Control group consisted of young healthy females with average age of 31,1 +/- 4,4 years. Symptoms and signs of carpal tunnel sy. (CST) had 12 patients, but diagnosis is neurophysiologically confirmed in 9 (75%) patients. In group of pregnant females without symptoms 3 (10,7%) patients showed neurophysiologic evidence of CTS. Sensory velocity of right median nerve was significantly lower in pregnant group of patients (p=0,002), but area of sensory potentials on both sides were lower in pregnant group (p<0,0001). Area of CMAP of right median nerve was significantly lower in pregnant group (p=0,0003). Significant differences in CTS group compared with control group were in sensory velocities of median nerve (left median nerve p=0,0007, right p<0,0001), and area of SNAP of both sides (left p<0,0001, right p=0,0001), but area of CMAP right (p=0,0003). In CTS group 7 females had unilateral and 5 had bilateral neurophysiological changes. Our conclusion is that neurophysiological parameters of median nerve in third trimester of pregnancy are changed mainly due to high prevalence of CTS that might disturb quality of life and have psychological and physical implications on future mother. Hence, it is necessary to, continuously, pay enough attention in prevention or treatment of mentioned syndrome in this population group.

Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome: Report of two Cases in Bosnia and Herzegovina Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a rare developmental disorder caused by a partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p-). The main phenotypic characteristics of WHS are: intrauterine growth retardation, mental retardation, typical facial dysmorphism, microcephaly and midline fusion defects (cleft lip or palate, cardiac septal defects). Other abnormalities, such as agenesis of the corpus callosum, dysplastic kidneys, iris coloboma and skeletal abnormalities have occasionally been described. We describe two female newborn babies with a 4p deletion, who have a majority of the main phenotypic features of WHS. Prenatal diagnosis of the syndrome is very important, because dysmorphologic features are associated with profound mental retardation. Postnatal recognition of the syndrome requires genetic counseling of the parents and supportive multidisciplinary treatment.

A large number of physical and chemical agents are capable to course chromosomal aberrations. Ionizing radiation is frequent and well known course of chromosomal aberrations. If deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is irradiated before synthesis chromosomal-type aberrations are caused. Chromatid-type aberrations are results of DNA damages occurred during or after synthesis. Some of these changes could exist at patients several years after exposition. Biological dosimetry-cytogenetics analysis of persons occupational exposed to ionizing radiation in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina have been carried out in "Center for Human Genetics" of Medical Faculty in Sarajevo. In this study we have evaluated cytogenetics findings of persons employed in a zone of radiation. Cytogenetics findings have been demonstrated in allowed limit in 154 (81.1%) examinees, and cytogenetics findings were out of normal values in 36 (18.9%) examinees. The majorities who have been employed in a zone of ionizing radiation were in age group 40-44 (25.3%) and age group 45-49 (24.7%). Radiological technicians (35.7%) were exposed the most to ionizing radiation, than clinical nurse specialists (14.7%), radiologists (11.1), physicians (7.4%) machines technicians (6.3%), pneumologists (4.7%), orthopedists (4.2%) and scrub nurses (4.2%). Biological dosimetry-cytogenetics analysis have been carried out at 108 (56.8%) male and 82 (43.2%) female examinees. The most frequent aberration have been presented with 26.8% in the form of acentric fragments, than chromatid fragments with 21.2%, dicentric chromosomes with 19.5%, gaps with 18.7%, minutes with 12.2% and inter-arm interchanges with 1.6%.

Turner Syndrome is a genetic condition in females that results from an abnormal chromosome. One of the X chromosomes is missing or misshapen in the most cells of the body. Three classics clinical symptoms of the syndrome are: incomplete sexual maturation, short stature and pterygium colli. Turner Syndrome is diagnosed by karyotyping. In the retrospective study for a twelve years period (1991-2002) correlation between clinical and cytogenetics findings was established in our Center among 47 examinees from all parts of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who had suspect clinical diagnosis of Turner Syndrome. The syndrome was demonstrated by cytogenetics examinations in 30(63,8%) examinees and excluded in 17 (36,2%) examinees. The most frequent karyotype is monosomy of X chromosome (45,X) found at 63,3%, than isochromosome of Xq (46,XisoXq) found at 16,7%, mosaic form (46,XX/45,X) and deletion of Xp (46,XdelXp) both at 6,7%, than deletion of Xq (46,XdelXq) and ring of Xp (46,XX/46,XringXp) both at 3,3%. Our results suggest that promptly and exactly diagnosis of Turner syndrome is very important due to introducing growth hormone therapy and estrogen therapy at a very young age.

Down syndrome is a genetic state characterized by trisomy of chromosome 21. In the retrospective study for 12 years period (1991-2002) we have conducted correlation between cytogenetics analyses and clinical findings in our centre at 96 male and 83 female patients. Down syndrome was confirmed by cytogenetics analyses in 84 (87.5%) male patients and excluded in 12 (12.5%) male patients. Down syndrome was confirmed by cytogenetics analyses in 71 (85.5%) female patients and excluded in 12 (14.5%) female patients. Most common karyotype is free trisomy found in 139 (89.7%) examinees, than follows translocation form determined in 9 (5.8%), and mosaicism determined in 7 (4.5%) examinees. Our results indicate that cytogenetics analyses are necessary to confirm diagnosis of Down syndrome.