Aim of this study was to examine the existence of  sexual dimorphism of the first permanent maxillary molars in the population of central Bosnia. The sample for the study comprised 94 subjects with intact crowns of the first permanent maxillary molars, without orthodontic anomalies. Mesiodistal and buccopalatal diameters were measured on the plaster models, based on calculated variables: robustness index or crown area (IRC) and sexual dimorphism (SD). Linear dimensions of the first permanent maxillary molars, as well as the IRC exhibited sexual dimorphism with larger values in males, except MD diameter on the left side. The greatest sexual dimorphism demonstrates IRC from the right. Linear dimensions of the first permanent maxillary molars and IRC can be used for sex determination in population of Central Bosnia.

Introduction: Orthodontic treatment, in addition to patient benefits, includes certain risks and complications that should not beignored. The side-effects of orthodontic therapy all therapists want to avoid or reduce to a minimum.The occurrence of these complications depends on the orthodontic technique, medical knowledge in this field, patient's generaland oral health, and oral hygiene habits. Part of the risk and complications depend on the patient's ability to understand andcooperate during the therapy. For this reason, it is a medico-legal obligation to inform our patients about side effects of any medicalintervention what will be undertaken. In the previous issue, an overview of local complications of orthodontic treatment - dentalcomplications was presented. The aim: The aim of this part is to present a detailed overview of the most common complications with local effect- periodontalcomplications in the context of the contemporary attitude of the risks and complications associated with orthodontic treatment. Material and methods: Classification was presented by Graber, 2004th, in its publication, "Risk Management in Orthodontics: AnExpert's Guide to Malpractice," used as a starting point for the development of this review. A complex search was performed (PubMed, Google Scholar, etc.), with the restriction upon of publication date (beginning with 2004) to find relevant current studies.Search keywords were combinations of words: complication, orthodontic treatment, risks, side effects. Concluding remarks: Periodontal complications are the most common side effects linked with orthodontic treatment according tocontemporary literature. Serious analysis of potential risk for periodontal complications is mandatory for orthodontic patientsbefore the treatment starts. It is the only correct way to minimize complications during and after orthodontic treatment.

Objective. To evaluate the difference between chronological and dental age, calculated by Willems and Cameriere methods, in various skeletal patterns according to Steiner's ANB Classification. Methods. This retrospective cross-sectional study comprised the sample of 776 participants aged between 7 and 15 years (368 males and 408 females). For each participant, panoramic images (OPT) and laterolateral cephalograms (LC) were collected from the medical database. On LC ANB angle was measured; on OPT dental age (DA) was calculated while chronological age (CA) and sex were recorded. The sample was divided into three subgroups (Class I, Class II, and Class III) with similar distribution based on the chronological age and ANB angle. CA was calculated as the difference between the date of OPT imaging and the date of birth, while DA was evaluated using Willems and Cameriere methods. ANB angle was measured on LC by two independent investigators using the cephalometric software. Differences between sexes and the difference between dental and chronological age were tested by independent and paired samples t-test, respectively; one-way ANOVA was used to test differences among ANB classes with Tukey post hoc test to compare specific pairs of ANB classes. Results. The significant difference was found between Class III and other two skeletal classes in males using both dental age estimation methods. In Class III males dental age was ahead averagely by 0.41 years when using Willems method, while Cameriere method overestimated CA for 0.22 years. Conclusion. In males with Class III skeletal pattern, dental development is faster than in Classes I and II skeletal pattern. This faster development is not present in females.

Orthodontic tooth movement is the result of bone remodeling that occurs in periodontal ligament and alveolar bone tissue as a response to mechanical loading of the tooth. The aim of this study is to investigate the time- and dose-response effects of locally administered clodronate on tooth movement. Sixty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 15 specimens: E1 - application of 10 mMol of clodronate in 3-day intervals; E2 - application of 2.5 mMol of clodronate in 3-day intervals; E3 - application of 10 mMol of clodronate in 7-day intervals; E4 - application of 2.5 mMol of clodronate in 7-day intervals. A 50 μL clodronate solution was injected into a subperiosteal area to the right maxillary incisor. The left maxillary incisor served as a control, with an injection of saline solution. In 3-day interval application regime, there was no effect of clodronate dosing on tooth movement. In 7-day interval application regime, decreased tooth movement was observed with 10 mMol compared with 2.5 mMol clodronate concentration. However, decreased tooth movement was also observed when 2.5 mMol of clodronate was applied in 7-versus 3-day intervals. Conversely, no difference was observed when 10 mMol concentration was applied in 3- versus 7-day intervals. When clodronate is applied subperiosteally in the root area, it decreases the tooth movement. Tooth movement is impeded by the higher clodronate dosing, as well as by shorter application interval even with lower dosing. The purpose of future trials should, therefore, be to determine a safe therapeutic dose/interval application of clodronate in humans and their potential side effects.

Introduction: Various types of malocclusions present one of the most common dental problems of today’s population. Planning the implementation of orthodontic therapy, especially preventive and interceptive measures is one of many activities of public sector health, and it requires information regarding the prevalence of malocclusion in different parts of our country. The aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusion of preschool and school children in the city of Sarajevo. Materials and methods: This study was comprised of 373 children out of which 200 preschool and school children were included in the final sample according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria for participation. 100 children were five-year-olds with complete deciduous dentition, and 100 children were 14-year-olds with permanent dentition. The examined variables in the study were: dental status andexistence of caries, overjet, depth of overbite, a presence of premature contacts, a presence of diastemas, crowding of teeth in the dentalarch (for 14-year-olds) and rotation of teeth in the dental arch (for 14-year-olds). Results: The prevalence of malocclusion was 58% in the group of preschool children and 83% in the group of school children. Conclusion: Results of this study demonstrate a need for the implementation of preventive and interceptive orthodontic methods inprimary health care, which would reduce the need for expensive and long term orthodontic therapy.

Introduction: Orthodontic treatment is a complex medical intervention carried out over an extended period. During this time, risks may turn into complications. It is necessary to identify the risks that are associated with the orthodontic intervention to be applied, as there are numerous complications possibly linked to that treatment. The occurrence of these complications depends on the orthodontic technique, medical knowledge in this field, patient’s general and oral health, and oral hygiene habits. These must be considered even from the start because it might influence the treatment objectives, phases, and goals. Aim: of this study is to present a contemporary attitude of the main risks and complications linked to orthodontic interventions in clinical practice. Materials and methods: Classification presented by Graber et al. in publication, “Risk management in orthodontics: expert’s guide to malpractice,” is used as a starting point for the development of this review. A complex search was performed (Pubmed, Google scholar, etc.), with the restriction upon of publication date (beginning with 2004) to find relevant current studies. Search keywords were combinations of words: complication, orthodontic treatment, risks, side effects. Concluding remarks: According to contemporary literature, there are a lot of conditions to which orthodontic treatment can be linked There is a medico-legal obligation to inform our patients about side effects of any medical intervention what will be undertaken. Corresponding Author: Tiro Alisa Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Bolnička 4a, Sarajevo 7100, BiH Orthodontic treatment-related risks and complications: part I dental complications Review Article

OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were: to investigate the relationship between mandibular canine calcification stages and skeletal maturity; and to evaluate whether the mandibular canine calcification stages may be used as a reliable diagnostic tool for skeletal maturity assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 151 subjects: 81 females and 70 males, with ages ranging from 9 to 16 years (mean age: 12.29±1.86 years). The inclusion criteria for subjects were as follows: age between 9 and 16 years; good general health without any hormonal, nutritional, growth or dental development problems. Subjects who were undergoing or had previously received orthodontic treatment were not included in this study. The calcification stages of the left permanent mandibular canine were assessed according to the method of Demirjian, on panoramic radiographs. Assessment of skeletal maturity was carried out using the cervical vertebral maturation index (CVMI), as proposed by the Hassel-Farman method, on lateral cephalograms. The correlation between the calcification stages of mandibular canine and skeletal maturity was estimated separately for male and female subjects. RESULTS Correlation coefficients between calcification stages of mandibular canine and skeletal maturity were 0.895 for male and 0.701 for female subjects. CONCLUSIONS A significant correlation was found between the calcification stages of the mandibular canine and skeletal maturity. The calcification stages of the mandibular canine show a satisfactory diagnostic performance only for assessment of pre-pubertal growth phase.

Aim: The aim of our study is to compare incidence of orthodontic malocclusion based on occlusal indices and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), and to evaluate the most commonly used method among the dentists for orthodontic treatment in Sarajevo. Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 110 (31 female and 79 male)subjects older than 16 years with complete permanent dentition. Subjects were examined according to Occlusal Index (Angle classification of malocclusion, overjet, overbite, dental arch crowding and tooth rotation) and IOTN index. We conduct survey regarding which indexes are used in deciding on orthodontic treatment need, among primary health care and Orthodontist. Results: The present study show differences between the presence of malocclusion and treatment need as assessed by these two used indices. Based on the survey that we conduct all primary health care doctors use Occlusal Index to decide need for orthodontic treatment, more than 95% of orthodontic specialist use Occlusal Index for treatment need estimation. Conclusion: When measuring and grading treatment needs we should rely on Index of orthodontic treatment need. In such high demand for orthodontic treatment need it is necessary to establish need for the orthodontic treatment as fundamental, so that individuals with greatest treatment need can be assigned priority.

Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the reliability of a computer application for assessment of the stages of cervical vertebra maturation in order to determine the stage of skeletal maturity. Material and methods: For this study, digital lateral cephalograms of 99 subjects (52 females and 47 males) were examined. The following selection criteria were used during the sample composition: age between 9 and 16 years, absence of anomalies of the vertebrae, good general health, no history of trauma at the cervical region. Subjects with lateral cephalograms of low quality were excluded from the study. For the purpose of this study a computer application Cephalometar HF V1 was developed. This application was used to mark the contours of the second, third and fourth cervical vertebrae on the digital lateral cephalograms, which enabled a computer to determine the stage of cervical vertebral maturation. The assessment of the stages of cervical vertebral maturation was carried out by an experienced orthodontist. The assessment was conducted according to the principles of the method proposed by authors Hassel and Farman. The degree of the agreement between the computer application and the researcher was analyzed using by statistical Cohen Kappa test. Results: The results of this study showed the agreement between the computer assessment and the researcher assessment of the cervical vertebral maturation stages, where the value of the Cohen Kappa coefficient was 0.985. Conclusion: The computer application Cephalometar HF V1 proved to be a reliable method for assessing the stages of cervical vertebral maturation. This program could help the orthodontists to identify the stage of cervical vertebral maturation when planning the orthodontic treatment for the patients with skeletal disharmonies.

Adresa za dopisivanje Emir Sokic Mr.Sci. Sveuciliste u Sarajevu Elektrotehnicki fakultet Zavod za automatsku kontrolu i elektroniku Zmaja od Bosne bb., 71000 Sarajevo Bosna i Hercegovina Tel. 00387 61 798 874 esokic@etf.unsa.ba Sažetak Koristenjem radiograma istraživala se ucinkovitost razlicitih numerickih tehnika za poluautomatske procjene stupnja sazrijevanja vratnih kralježaka (CVM). Metode: Kefalogrami 211 pacijenata snimljeni su i spremljeni u digitalnom obliku. Nakon toga su, s pomocu posebno razvijenog softvera i tih pohranjenih radiograma, specijalisti ortodoncije oznacili i mjerili za svakog pacijenta nekoliko karakteristicnih kefalometrijskih obilježja. Rezultati su bili potrebni za automatsko određivanje stupnja sazrijevanja vratnih kralježaka s nekoliko numerickih tehnika, među kojima K znaci klasteriranje (grupiranje), a Fuzzy C – dusteriranje (rasipanje). Rezultati su uspoređeni s podacima koje su dobili specijalisti. Rezultati: Najbolji rezultati dobiveni su koristenjem Fuzzy C rasipanja. Tocna ocjena stupnja CVM-a iznosila je oko 70 posto, a procjena klase bila je visa od 99 posto. Zakljucak: Eksperimentalni rezultati pokazuju da se može razviti potpuno automatizirani sustav za procjenu i predviđanje stupnjeva CVM-a, premda jos treba rijesiti manje teskoce prije primjene u klinickoj praksi.

The aims of this study were to test the applicability of the two Demirjian’s self-weighted scores (1976) based on four teeth from left side of mandible in children in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) and to expand age prediction models for observed population. Materials and methods: In cross-sectional, retrospective study, the panoramic radiographs (OPGs) taken from 805 girls and 636 boys in Bosnia and Herzegovina, aged between 4 and 15 years, were scored following the two Demirjian’s scores based on ratings one of eight stages (A-H) of calcification of four different teeth from left side of mandible ; PM1, PM2, M1, M2 ; and I1, PM1, PM2, M2. Dental age was obtained by finding the age at which the 50th percentile value equals the maturity score. Kappa statistic and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used for testing intra- and inter-observer repeatability of mineralization stages and dental age by assessments of 10% (N=144) of OPGs. Results: Mean Cohen kappa values were 0.82 for intra- and 0.81 for inter-observer agreement of mineralization stages. ICCs were 0.980 for intra- and 0.978 for inter-observer repeatability for PM1, PM2, M1, M2 teeth and 0.982 for intra- and 0.981 for inter-observer repeatability for I1, PM1, PM2, M2 teeth. Both scores overestimates the dental age in the BH sample, the mean overestimations were 0.82(SD 0.97) year in girls and 0.53(SD 0.88) year in boys for PM1, PM2, M1, M2 teeth and 1.07(SD 0.94) year in girls and 0.67(SD 0.88) year for I1, PM1, PM2, M2 teeth. In addition, different regression models were tested for estimation of age as a function of maturity score for both scores and genders, separately.

Oral environment of orthodontic patients undergoes changes, such as pH reduction, largernumber of sites available for Streptococcus mutans collection, and increased accumulation of foodparticles, which may lead to an increased number of S. mutans colony-forming units (CFU) insaliva. Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) is the most potent documented antimicrobial agent againstMutans streptococci and dental caries. The aim of this work was to assess efficiency of CHX-basedmouthwashes in patient with fixed orthodontic appliances. Methods: Twenty patients with fixedappliances were selected for this study. They were undergoing full-bonded non extraction treatmentwith metal brackets (Roth 0.22, Discovery Dentaurum) on their teeth and bands on their molars.Each patient was provided with a toothbrush and toothpaste. The mouthwashes were used bypatients according to the manufacturersAE directions 15 min after toothbrushing: 5 mL of 0.2% CHX(Corsodyl, GlaxoSmithKline) was applied for 60 s in the morning and before bedtime for 2 weeks.Results: The data were analyzed according to the nonparametric Wilcoxon signed rank test (SPSSsoftware). Statistical significance level was set at p