Background Examples of semi-contact sports include karate and its benefite influence on asthma in childhood. Specific treatment for asthma will be determined by pediatrician based on children age, overall health, medical history, extent of the disease, tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies and expectations for the course of the disease. Aims A target of this article is showing benefit of karate training in preschool ages on asthma management and course of disease. Methods To verify the efficacy of karate on asthma, a complex psychomotor activity that enhances pulmonary capacity and lungs volume, and breathing regulations, as an intervention for asthma curing, ten children with asthma, ranging in age from five to seven years, and meeting diagnostic criteria for children asthma disorder were studied during two years period 2010–2011. Results A higher prevalence of asthma has been reported in athletes specially in karate clubs for younger children but with better control of asthma. Risk ofasthma decreased with number of years of training (odds ratio 2.02; 95% confidence interval 1.60–3.03; p<0.0001), number of hours per week (odds ratio 1.74; CI 1.11–2.21; p=0.015) and rank, specifically brown green belt versus lower belts (odds ratio 3.53; CI 2.82–6.28; p=0.007). Conclusions Karate is a relatively safe sport for preschool children and younger schoolers when properly taught and optimize for asthma management. These training principles are perhaps most useful early in a children patient’s course when the setting of appropriate expectations is important in minimizing restrictions from treatment and karate activity.

Introduction Migration refers to the movement of persons or children from an origin place to a destination place across some pre-defined, political boundary. Since the 1995s after war, Bosnia and Herzegovina has continued being a country of mass children immigration from Sandjak, Kosovo, Serbia, Monte Negro and sporadic immigration from China. Methods The presence of tuberculosis disease in the Immigrants children or foreign-born child should prompt the pediatricians to collect appropriate specimens to recover an organism. We conducted a secondary data analysis focusing on immigrants children sampled in the 1995 through 2010 versions of the National Bosnian Children Health Records Survey. Results The increase in tuberculosis among Gypsy children in Sarajevo coincided with similar increases in immigration into Bosnia and Herzegovina. Medical records were available for review to assess adequately potential missed opportunities to prevent tuberculosis in children from Sandjak in only 1.5% of cases and Gypsies in 33% cases. Most children with drug-resistant tuberculosis were Gypsy (18.1%) or Chinese Asian (11.2%), and 16.4% of children or their parents were from a Bosnia and Herzegovina regions in which tuberculosis is highly endemic as Sarajevo Canton mountain area. Conclusions Pediatricians should be aware of the special health problems as tuberculosis for which immigrant children are at risk. Immigration poses unique stresses on children and families. There were no significance difference between incidence of tuberculosis and resistence on therapy between children from Sandjak and Bosnia but that differences were higher in case of Gypsies children.

Background Volleyball is a fun sport for children that is easy to learn and can be played in a gym, at the beach, or on grass. Playing volleyball help improve child heart work, flexibility, balance and coordination. Some schools have volleyball teams for boys and girls. Heart rates can improve sports exercise and volleyball can make children stronger and healthier. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine accountability paediatrics systems operating in youth volleyball training sessions and to understand how those systems vary according to the instructional tasks and the nature of the information provided by paediatricians. Design, setting and participants The ECG recording was performed for 5 min at rest in seated, supine or supine with elevated legs body position on different days in girl and boy school volleyball players. Measurements were undertaken in a quiet room, air temperature ranging from 21 to 22°C, after and before volleyball games. The data was analyzed for 40 female and 40 male volleyball players ranging in age from 12 to 16 years, and other equal players and athletes in other sports of the same age and gender. Methods Systematic medical observation strategies were used to describe and analyse paediatric tasks for heart rates presentation and task volleyball players in schools during paediatrics examinations. Statistical analyses were performed using the Sigmastat Programme 3.0 for windows package during period 2005–2009 in school players teams in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Main outcome measurement Young female volleyball players are more vulnerable to sport injuries but similiar heart rates stabilizing works after volleyball games comparing than their boys counterparts. Results Heart rates after volleyball games and exercise were lower and better than other sports groups in both volleyball groups for girls and boys, too, without difference. Conclusions Further research needs to address issues of paediatricians' knowledge and conceptions related to volleyball instruction for heart works improvement. No differences were noted between heart rates after exercise in boys and girls volleyball school players, but better heart rates were observed in older age volleyball players when compared to other athletes such as tennis players and soccer or basketball players.

Background-aims: Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Obese children can develop serious health problems, such as diabetes and heart disease, often carrying these conditions into an obese adulthood. Obese children become targets of early and systematic discrimination. Methods: We retrospectively examined the medical charts of all children who were between the ages of three and twelve years and presented to the physicians with pediatrician-diagnosed obesity in calendar years 2008-2009. For laboratory and radiographic evaluations of childhood obesity, the degree of investigation depends on the BMI, physical and historical findings, and the presence of risk factors. Results: The prevalence of obesity in children has steadily risen during recent years in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Our reports have reached epidemic levels, with approximately 14 percent of Bosnian children in these ages. The 2008-2009 Children Risk and Obesity Survey for Canton Sarajevo revealed that although 12.5 % of Bosnian girls were overweight or obese, 16.5% of Bosnian boys and 6% of Bosnian Gypsies were overweight or obese. There were not significant differencies between other Bosnians national groups Bosniacs, Croats and Serbian children. Conclusions: The incidence of childhood obesity has increased dramatically, including severe childhood obesity and obesity-related comorbid conditions. Treatment for children who are overweight or obese seems easy, that is, just counsel children and their families to eat less and to exercise more. Overweight children and adolescents are at risk for significant health problems both during their youth and as adults.

Atherosclerosis is a pathological condition that begins in early childhood, but clinically the disease manifests in older age. The aim of work was to determine frequency of atherosclerosis risk factors in healthy school children. Cross-sectional study included 214 children in mean age 10,99+/-2,52 years, within range 7 to 15 years. Patients body mass index, blood pressure, lipid status, dietary habits, physical activity and sedentary habits have been evaluated. Cardiovascular risk factors are significantly present in children (P<0,05) i.e. one cardiovascular risk factor is present in 47/214 (21,96%) children, two risk factors had 25/214 (11,68%) children, while 17/214 (7,94%) children had three or more cardiovascular risk factors. Obesity was present in 20/214 (9,34%) children, while overweight was present in 23/214 (10,74%) children. Hypertension was present in 10/214 (4,67%) children, and it was significantly present (p<0,05) in obese and overweight children. Total cholesterol was increased in 17/214 (7,94%) children, LDL-cholesterol was increased in 11/214 (5,14%) [corrected], increased triglycerides had 4/214 (1,86%) children, while decreased HDL-cholesterol was found in (3/214, 1,40%) children. Unhealthy dietary habits were present in 45/214 (21,02%) children, 42/214 (19,62%) children is physically inactive, while sedentary habits were shown in 39/214 (18,22%) children. Research shows that a large number within study group has one or more cardiovascular risk factors that can lead to premature atherosclerosis. Using massive screening of cardiovascular risk factors, along with adequate physical activity, healthy dietary habits, reduced sedentary habits, doctors and teacher's education, parents and children can reduce premature clinical sequels in atherosclerotic process.