Background Examples of semi-contact sports include karate and its benefite influence on asthma in childhood. Specific treatment for asthma will be determined by pediatrician based on children age, overall health, medical history, extent of the disease, tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies and expectations for the course of the disease. Aims A target of this article is showing benefit of karate training in preschool ages on asthma management and course of disease. Methods To verify the efficacy of karate on asthma, a complex psychomotor activity that enhances pulmonary capacity and lungs volume, and breathing regulations, as an intervention for asthma curing, ten children with asthma, ranging in age from five to seven years, and meeting diagnostic criteria for children asthma disorder were studied during two years period 2010–2011. Results A higher prevalence of asthma has been reported in athletes specially in karate clubs for younger children but with better control of asthma. Risk ofasthma decreased with number of years of training (odds ratio 2.02; 95% confidence interval 1.60–3.03; p<0.0001), number of hours per week (odds ratio 1.74; CI 1.11–2.21; p=0.015) and rank, specifically brown green belt versus lower belts (odds ratio 3.53; CI 2.82–6.28; p=0.007). Conclusions Karate is a relatively safe sport for preschool children and younger schoolers when properly taught and optimize for asthma management. These training principles are perhaps most useful early in a children patient’s course when the setting of appropriate expectations is important in minimizing restrictions from treatment and karate activity.

Background: Mutations in the LPL gene cause familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency. Symptoms of familial LPL deficiency usually begin in childhood and include abdominal pain, acute and recurrent inflammation of the pancreas, skin lesions called eruptive cutaneous xanthoma and an enlargement of the liver and spleen. The risk for two carrier parents to both pass the defective gene and, therefore, have an affected child is 25% with each pregnancy. Aims: Early diagnosis, routine surveillance and treatment of familial LPL deficiency may help to manage some of the symptoms and sometimes prevent related problems. Methods: Clinical genetic testing for familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency may be available through an in person genetic consultation for children who are considered at risk. Triglycerides and total cholesterol were measured using commercially available kits (Boehringer Mannheim). Results: Episodes of abdominal pain are common. Intensity, duration, and localization of episodes are variable. Enlargement of the liver and spleen occurs particularly among affected infants and children. The enlargement of these organs may vary, often in parallel with the fat content of the diet. The risk is the same for boys and girls. Conclusions: Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency is an inherited condition that disrupts the normal breakdown of fats in the body. It is characterized by absence of lipoprotein lipase activity and a massive accumulation of chylomicrons in plasma and a corresponding increase of plasma triglyceride concentration. Higher levels of plasma LPL activity are associated with decreased TG and increased HDL cholesterol levels in children.

Background: AIDS is now a pandemic in children. Asymptomatic children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection cannot be distinguished from children without infection. Opportunistic infections are common in children with AIDS. Aims: Describe the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among all children with opportunistic infections in Bosnia. Methods: The control group was composed of six boys and six girls for every year age class between one day and six years. Children were included from the study when they presented with a opportunistic infectious disease at the time of planned investigation assessment. Results: Children are underrepresented among recipients of antiretroviral therapy in almost every setting in Bosnia where treatment programs have been established. HIV-affected children and HIV-infected children had a significantly poorer socioeconomic living standard compared with control children. Ninety percent of the sample had been diagnosed with HIV before three years of age; the mean age of diagnosis for this sample was eleven months. Among the groups at highest risk for suprainfections of HIV infection were newborns from infected SIDA mothers. Conclusions: The prevention of opportunistics HIV infections in children and its consequent illness must be the primary component of any education program. Pediatricians and specialist for infectious diseases can play an important role in educating parents about opportunistic infection of HIV prevention, transmission, and testing, with an emphasis on risk reduction.

Objective Dog bites can cause a spectrum of injuries, from lacerations to avulsions and crush injuries. In recent years, it has become more and more apparent that dog bites are a serious and often underestimated public health problem in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods The standard medical treatment of dog bites at our department consists of meticulous wound cleaning and closure of gaping wounds. Surgical closure was indicated when a firm wound closure without a suture was not possible. Childrens’ charts were analysed for personal data, type of injury and clinical course. Results Children who were younger than 4 years sustained significantly more attacks by small dogs compared with older children. The incidence was highest in 3-year-old patients and decreased with increasing age. A seasonal fluctuation was detected: a majority of the children were injured in the summer months and peak incidence occurred during July. Complications occurred in 13% of children. Discussion In agreement with previous publications, our data showed that the most common area targeted by dogs was hands and legs, reflecting the closer proximity of the child’s head to the attacking dog. Unfortunately, three of the children included in this report died. Conclusions Children who are younger than 12 years represent the high-risk group for dog attacks. Parents and children should be educated regarding behaviour around animals—dogs, especially those that are unfamiliar to the child. Encourage local leash laws and reporting of bites, and educate the public about responsible dog selection, ownership, and training.