Post-traumatic osteomyelitis (OM) is an uncommon event in cats, usually affecting distal phalanges of extremities. Tail injuries seldom cause bone infection, but often result in neural damage with subsequent tail paralysis, and occasionally in urinary/fecal incontinence. We present a case of old stray cat which developed post-traumatic tail OM, and endured it for years. It was an immuno-compromised, neglected, animal strongly infested with larvae of Aelurostrongylus abs trusus and oocistae of Isospora felis. Ultimately, it was treated by tail amputation, with without any health consequences.  Relevance and novel information: This report describes the management and outcome of a rare and a life-threatening case of feline post-traumatic  tail OM which was previously not reported in literature.

The aim of this study was to determine the serum level of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) and hence determine the relationship and the effect of daily milk production on the mentioned essential macro elements. The metabolism and neurohumoral regulation of Ca, P and Mg are closely related, and the metabolic disorder of one of these electrolytes inevitably affects the metabolism of the other two. The study was carried out in the winter period of animal keeping and nutrition, and it included 63 Holstein-Friesian breed cows in the northern region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, aged 2-9 years in different lactation stages (1-8). The largest number of cows, eighteen of them, were in the second, third and fourth lactation stage, while nine cows were in the first lactation stage. This study was conducted on three different groups of cows corresponding to the amount of daily milk production. First was the group of lower daily milk production n=21, the second group of examined cows was the group of medium daily milk production n=23 and third was the group of higher daily milk production n=19. Ca, P and Mg were determined in blood plasma using the Beckmann spectrophotometer. By examining the obtained results and the dynamics of the tested mineral substances, we point out the different behaviour of the Ca-P relationship in correlation with the different level of daily milk produced. Although the average values ​​of both minerals are lowered with an increase in daily milk production, the analysis of single linear regression shows that there is a negative correlation between P concentration in blood plasma and the amount of daily milk produced, while for Ca it has not been established . Although the concentration of Mg in the blood plasma increases as the daily milk production increases, the analysis of single linear regression does not show a significant interconnection of these two values. Lower average values of Ca and P concentrations in the blood of cows with higher daily milk production may be associated with increased total excretion of these minerals through milk, unlike the cows which daily produced lower amounts of milk.

in broiler’s small intestine. Investigation were carried out on isolated smooth muscle of the circular and longitudinal layer of the broilers small intestine (strip dimension 3-4 mm x 2 cm). The muscle strips were placed in an isolated organ bath. The mechanical activity of the preparations were recorded via an isotonic force transducer coupled to a pen recorder. This was done following the addition of serotonin (nonselective 5-HT agonist), 2-Me-5HT (5-HT3B agonist) and Y-25130-hydrochloride (selective 5-HT3B antagonist). The research established a presence of serotonergic 5HT3B type receptors within the smooth musculature of the small intestines of broilers (COBB 500). The 5HT3B type receptors were present in smooth muscles of duodenum, jejunum and ileum, especially in longitudinal smooth muscles since this layer reacted even to low serotonin concentration (10-6). Statistical tests of obtained results showed significant differences (p< 0.001) in responses related to muscle layers, applied concentrations and intestinal parts which were observed. In the light of these findings, we suggest that investigated substances may have considerable physiological and therapeutic implications in disturbed function of small intestine of broiler’s.

Reproductive ability of the domestic cats, based on the experience, varies, which depends on the range of both internal and external factors. Like their wild counterparts, the domestic cats reproduce several times a year; hence, they are polyestric animals. Actuality of endocrinological testing, considering the extreme importance of the ovaries in the neuroendocrinology system and the importance of impact of different factors, climatic factors in particular from the aspect of the onset and detection of estrus, prompted us to determine the frequency of estrus during the period of one year, based on the level of estradiol concentration in blood serum.

The presence of the Mediterranean endemic bivalvia fan shell Pinna nobilis L. was recorded during a survey that took place in Neum Bay 37 years ago. Since then its presence has only been confirmed once although it is protected by several international protocols. The aim of this research was to collect the data that can be used for a better undersanding and preservation of P. nobilis. An area of 400 m was searched for individual shells by SCUBA diving. Five individuals found at a depth ranged between 3 and 9 m. Bosnia and Herzegovina is the only country on the Adriatic Sea that has not protected the fan shell by law. Further surveys must be undertaken as soon as possible, with the proper management of this habitat which hosts P. nobilis.

Absract: The aim of the study was to determine the possible presence of adrenergic receptors in the smooth musculature of small and large intestines of heavy hybrid turkey, using different concentrations of non-selective adrenergic receptor agonists, noradrenaline, under in vitro conditions. The research was carried out on 24 fattening turkeys. Tests of circular and longitudinal layers of muscular duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon in the organ isolation apparatus, using different concentrations of noradrenaline hydrogentartarate solution, were tested. The research has established the presence of adrenergic receptors within the smooth musculature of the small and large intestines of fattening turkeys. The effect of the noradrenaline on the longitudinal layer was stronger (P<0.001) than the effect on the circular layer of tunica muscularis in small and large intestines of fattening turkeys. There were also statistically significant differences in the results obtained with regard to the use of different concentrations of noradrenaline. Significant differences in the effects of noradrenaline in different parts of the small and large intestines have also been established. Further research into smooth musculature of the small and large intestines of fattening turkeys is needed, with the use of selective agonists and α and β receptor antagonists.

Introduction: Various studies confirm the biocompatibility and efficacy of clips for certain target tissues, but without any comparative analysis of hematological parameters. Therefore, we conducted a study to assess the possible association of the implantation of titanium and plastic clips in the neurocranium with possible morphological changes in the blood cells of experimental animals. Materials and Methods: As a control, the peripheral blood smears were taken before surgery from 12 adult dogs that were divided into two experimental groups. After placing titanium and plastic clips in the neurocranium, the peripheral blood of the first group was analyzed on the seventh postoperative day, while the peripheral blood of the second group was analyzed on the sixtieth day. By microscopy of the blood smears, the following parameters were analyzed: the presence of poikilocytosis of the red blood cells, degenerative changes in the leukocytes and leukogram. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the mean values of the groups. Monocytosis was detected (first group 22.83 % and second 16.30 %), as well as neutropenia (46.80 %, in the second group). Degenerative changes to neutrophils and the occurrence of atypical lymphocytes were observed in the second experimental group (60th postoperative day). Conclusion: A mild adverse effect from the biomaterials present in the neurocranium of dogs was detected, affecting the majority of leukocytic cells. A chronic recurrent inflammatory process was caused by the presence of the plastic and titanium clips in the brain tissue. No adverse effect of biomaterials on erythrocytes in the neurocranium was detected in the dogs studied. Further studies are necessary to explain the occurrence of degenerative changes in the neutrophils and lymphocytes.

Stray dogs are the ones not microchipped, which live across the streets and other public surfaces unattended, and so represent a serious public-health problem. Lack of human support for the stray dogs causes a range of problems from territorial status to ensuring food. Such conditions force them to activate a self-preservation mechanism and return to natural behavioral patterns. Regarding the fact that several thousands of stray dogs were recorded in observed regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 2008 – 2009, it was obvious that such conditions could endanger the health of both humans and domestic animals. The problem in Bosnia and Herzegovina attempted to be solved using various approaches during the period from 1996 – 2009. Some solutions were: using hygiene services of public utility companies in some places, or establishing dog shelters. The third solution for the problem was the employment of hunting associations and their active participation for reducing the number of stray dogs. Minimization of large number of stray dogs required number of measures and activities such as aplicable legal framework, education for dog owners, neutering of dogs, building shelters, euthanasia of ill and agressive dogs and permanent hosting of dogs.

Tetanus intoxication is a result of combined tetanus toxin binding in the organism: centrally in the spinal cord at the level of inhibitory synapses and peripherally at the level of the neuromuscular junction and muscle cell. Although acute intoxication is dominated by the central action of tetanus toxin, it is considered that, for the purpose of successful implementation of therapy, peripheral activity of the tetanus toxin should be also antagonized. Experimental tetanus was induced by intramuscular application of tetanus toxin. Application of substances on mice in experimental groups was performed after the occurrence of local tetanus in right leg, approximately 24 hours after administration of tetanus toxin. In this research, we attempted to normalize disorders caused by tetanus toxin using dizocilipine maleate (at doses of 0.01; 0.1; 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg b.w.), alone and in combination with dantrolene (at dose of 2.0 mg/kg) and lisuride (at dose of 50.0 μg/kg) on the LD50 period in mice with experimental tetanus in the trial. Through our research, we found that dizocilipine had the best effect at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg b.w. Additionally, combination of dizocilipine and lizuride had no effect on the LD50 period, as compared to the control group.

The laboratory rat, as important biomedical model, was often fed with unconventional diet usually made up of products from the bakery industry. Such diet consisted of insufficient caloric and nutritionally unbalanced meals could cause unreliable results in biomedical research. The study investigates the effects of malnutrition on the haematological profile of rats. The study is performed on Wistar male and female rats which were fed for 4 weeks exclusively with bakery products ad libidum. The following hematological parameters were observed in peripheral blood smears: red blood cell count, content of haemoglobin, haematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, white blood cell count, differential blood count, diameter of red blood cells, as well as the presence of atypical forms of red blood cells. Despite there were no statistically significant differences in overall haematological results (p > 0.05, with > 0.05), the significant part of obtained results were below physiological limits (HGB, MCHC and MCH). Other haematological parameters, including white blood corpuscles were kept in physiological limits, except for mild neutrophils in males. Also, the forms of anulocytes and spherocytes were recorded in peripheral blood smears. The results indicated the beginning of normocytic hypochromic anaemia which was caused by unbalanced meals.

Abstract Background: After laparoscopic repair of an incisive hernia, intraperitoneal prosthetic mesh, as a foreign material, is a strong stimulus for the development of adhesion, which may be the cause of serious complications. This experimental study compared three different meshes and their ability to prevent the formation of adhesion and shrinkage. Methods: Ninety rats were divided randomly into three groups: in Group 1 Proceed mesh was implanted, in Group 2 Ultrapro mesh was implanted, and in Group 3 TiMesh was implanted. Mesh samples were fixed as an intraabdominal mesh in the upper part of the abdomen. Ten animals from each group were sacrificed on days 7, 28 and 60 post-surgery. After opening the abdomen, the formation of adhesion was assessed according to the Surgical Membrane Study Group (SMSG) score, the percentage of shrinkage of the mesh was established and inflammatory reaction scored. Results: The SMSG score for adhesion was statistically significantly higher on all the postoperative days in the Proceed and Ultrapro mesh groups than in the TiMesh group which caused milder inflammatory reaction on 60th day than others meshes. The size of the mesh after 7 days was statistically significantly smaller in the Proceed and Ultrapro groups than in the TiMesh group, but after 60 days it was statistically significantly larger than in the TiMesh group. Conclusion: The least formation of adhesion was noted in the TiMesh group, in which the highest level of shrinkage was noticed after 28 and 60 days. TiMesh has advantages over the other meshes studied, but a larger size mesh may be recommended for intraperitoneal application.

Katekolaminler, ondokuzuncu yuzyildan yirminci yuzyila geciste yapilan cesitli calismalardan sonra tespit edilmistir. Hormonal rolleri reseptorleri araciligiyla belirgindir ve bu rol tum organlar ve vucut sistemleri icin cok onemlidir. Ayrica, katekolaminler norotransmitter rolune de sahiptir. Katekolaminlerin rolu, insan ve evcil hayvanlarin sindirim sisteminde gorulmektedir. Reseptorleri araciligiyla mide, ince ve kalin bagirsaktaki hareketlilik ve salgilamayi mide ve bagirsaklarin yumusak kas gucunu azaltip gevsetici yonde guclu sekilde desteklerler. Bu yolla, normal homeostazisin surdurulmesine aktif olarak katki saglarlar. Mide duz kaslarinin yani sira, evcil memeli ve kanatlilarin ince ve kalin bagirsagindaki adrenerjik (α ve s) reseptorlerinin temsil ve dagiliminda belirgin farkliliklar vardir. Noradrenalin’in aktivitesi α–adrenoseptorleri araciligiyla mide-bagirsak kanali salgisindaki artisi onemli olcude etkiler. Adrenalin, β-adrenoseptorleri araciligiyla, hem ince hem de kalin bagirsakta peristaltik hareketlerindeki azalmayi etkiledigi gibi, ayni zamanda, tek mideli hayvanlarin midesindeki ve cok midelilerin rumenindeki gucu (hareketliligi) azaltir

AIM A potential advantage of the use of the plastic clips in neurosurgery is their property of causing fewer artifacts than titanium clips as assessed by computed tomography and magnetic resonance scans. The biocompatibility of plastic clips was demonstrated in the peritoneal cavity, but their behavior in the neurocranium is not known. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve aggressive stray dogs designated for euthanasia were taken for this experimental study. The animals were divided into two groups. In all cases, after anesthesia, a craniotomy was performed, and after opening the dura, a proximal part titanium clip was placed on the isolated superficial Sylvian vein (a permanent Yasargil FT 746 T clip at a 90° angle, while a plastic Hem-o-lok clip ML was placed on another part of the vein). The first group of animals was sacrificed on the 7 < sup > th < /sup > postoperative day and the second group on the 60 < sup > th < /sup > postoperative day. Samples of tissue around the clips were taken for a histopathological evaluation. RESULTS The plastic clip caused a more intensive tissue reaction than the titanium clip on the 7 < sup > th < /sup > postoperative day, but there was no statistical difference. Even on the 60 < sup > th < /sup > postoperative day there was no significant difference in tissue reaction between the titanium and plastic clips. CONCLUSION These preliminary results confirm the possibility for the use of plastic clips in neurosurgery. Before their use in human neurosurgery, further studies are needed to investigate the long-term effects of the presence of plastic clips in the neurocranium, as well as studies of the aneurysmal model.

A milder postoperative inflammatory change was noted with polydioxanone Endoloop ligatures than with polyglactin ligatures.