Bites of laboratory animals are treated as the bites of any other animals since the possibility of existence of pathogenic microorganisms, unfavorable for human health, in the rooms where these animals reside, is not excluded. A rare case of a laboratory rat bite, used for scientific research and previously infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa , is presented here. The patient's wound was located on the forefinger of his hand and was 1 cm long and up to 0.2 cm deep. The antitetanus prophylaxis was administered in an ambulance, including antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin-clavulanate per os. There exists a need for checks and special guidelines for the handling and retention of laboratory animals. The patient has successfully remedied the wound, thanks to consistent antibiotic therapy and antitetanus prophylaxis, and possible inflammatory complications were prevented .

Cytological analysis of urine sediment is an integral part of urine analysis and a useful, cost-effective diagnostic tool for all routine clinical examinations, which can sometimes be overlooked in veterinary practice. Proper handling and timely urine sample analysis are essential for valid microscopic analysis. Microscopic urinary sediment testing is usually carried out with stained or unstained specimen. A common urine may contain a small number of cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes, epithelial cells) of several crystals, spermatozoids (male animals). In contrast, a large number of cells or casts, the presence of unusual types of crystals, neoplastic cells, parasites, and microorganisms include abnormal findings, requiring a specialized diagnostic approach. Correct identification of organic components of the urinary sediment are crucial for accurate and timely diagnosis of kidney disorders. Laboratory experts should be trained to properly identify and classify organic components of the urinary tract.

Post-traumatic osteomyelitis (OM) is an uncommon event in cats, usually affecting distal phalanges of extremities. Tail injuries seldom cause bone infection, but often result in neural damage with subsequent tail paralysis, and occasionally in urinary/fecal incontinence. We present a case of old stray cat which developed post-traumatic tail OM, and endured it for years. It was an immuno-compromised, neglected, animal strongly infested with larvae of Aelurostrongylus abs trusus and oocistae of Isospora felis. Ultimately, it was treated by tail amputation, with without any health consequences.  Relevance and novel information: This report describes the management and outcome of a rare and a life-threatening case of feline post-traumatic  tail OM which was previously not reported in literature.

in broiler’s small intestine. Investigation were carried out on isolated smooth muscle of the circular and longitudinal layer of the broilers small intestine (strip dimension 3-4 mm x 2 cm). The muscle strips were placed in an isolated organ bath. The mechanical activity of the preparations were recorded via an isotonic force transducer coupled to a pen recorder. This was done following the addition of serotonin (nonselective 5-HT agonist), 2-Me-5HT (5-HT3B agonist) and Y-25130-hydrochloride (selective 5-HT3B antagonist). The research established a presence of serotonergic 5HT3B type receptors within the smooth musculature of the small intestines of broilers (COBB 500). The 5HT3B type receptors were present in smooth muscles of duodenum, jejunum and ileum, especially in longitudinal smooth muscles since this layer reacted even to low serotonin concentration (10-6). Statistical tests of obtained results showed significant differences (p< 0.001) in responses related to muscle layers, applied concentrations and intestinal parts which were observed. In the light of these findings, we suggest that investigated substances may have considerable physiological and therapeutic implications in disturbed function of small intestine of broiler’s.

The aim of this study was to determine the serum level of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) and hence determine the relationship and the effect of daily milk production on the mentioned essential macro elements. The metabolism and neurohumoral regulation of Ca, P and Mg are closely related, and the metabolic disorder of one of these electrolytes inevitably affects the metabolism of the other two. The study was carried out in the winter period of animal keeping and nutrition, and it included 63 Holstein-Friesian breed cows in the northern region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, aged 2-9 years in different lactation stages (1-8). The largest number of cows, eighteen of them, were in the second, third and fourth lactation stage, while nine cows were in the first lactation stage. This study was conducted on three different groups of cows corresponding to the amount of daily milk production. First was the group of lower daily milk production n=21, the second group of examined cows was the group of medium daily milk production n=23 and third was the group of higher daily milk production n=19. Ca, P and Mg were determined in blood plasma using the Beckmann spectrophotometer. By examining the obtained results and the dynamics of the tested mineral substances, we point out the different behaviour of the Ca-P relationship in correlation with the different level of daily milk produced. Although the average values ​​of both minerals are lowered with an increase in daily milk production, the analysis of single linear regression shows that there is a negative correlation between P concentration in blood plasma and the amount of daily milk produced, while for Ca it has not been established . Although the concentration of Mg in the blood plasma increases as the daily milk production increases, the analysis of single linear regression does not show a significant interconnection of these two values. Lower average values of Ca and P concentrations in the blood of cows with higher daily milk production may be associated with increased total excretion of these minerals through milk, unlike the cows which daily produced lower amounts of milk.

Reproductive ability of the domestic cats, based on the experience, varies, which depends on the range of both internal and external factors. Like their wild counterparts, the domestic cats reproduce several times a year; hence, they are polyestric animals. Actuality of endocrinological testing, considering the extreme importance of the ovaries in the neuroendocrinology system and the importance of impact of different factors, climatic factors in particular from the aspect of the onset and detection of estrus, prompted us to determine the frequency of estrus during the period of one year, based on the level of estradiol concentration in blood serum.

Introduction: Various studies confirm the biocompatibility and efficacy of clips for certain target tissues, but without any comparative analysis of hematological parameters. Therefore, we conducted a study to assess the possible association of the implantation of titanium and plastic clips in the neurocranium with possible morphological changes in the blood cells of experimental animals. Materials and Methods: As a control, the peripheral blood smears were taken before surgery from 12 adult dogs that were divided into two experimental groups. After placing titanium and plastic clips in the neurocranium, the peripheral blood of the first group was analyzed on the seventh postoperative day, while the peripheral blood of the second group was analyzed on the sixtieth day. By microscopy of the blood smears, the following parameters were analyzed: the presence of poikilocytosis of the red blood cells, degenerative changes in the leukocytes and leukogram. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the mean values of the groups. Monocytosis was detected (first group 22.83 % and second 16.30 %), as well as neutropenia (46.80 %, in the second group). Degenerative changes to neutrophils and the occurrence of atypical lymphocytes were observed in the second experimental group (60th postoperative day). Conclusion: A mild adverse effect from the biomaterials present in the neurocranium of dogs was detected, affecting the majority of leukocytic cells. A chronic recurrent inflammatory process was caused by the presence of the plastic and titanium clips in the brain tissue. No adverse effect of biomaterials on erythrocytes in the neurocranium was detected in the dogs studied. Further studies are necessary to explain the occurrence of degenerative changes in the neutrophils and lymphocytes.

Stray dogs are the ones not microchipped, which live across the streets and other public surfaces unattended, and so represent a serious public-health problem. Lack of human support for the stray dogs causes a range of problems from territorial status to ensuring food. Such conditions force them to activate a self-preservation mechanism and return to natural behavioral patterns. Regarding the fact that several thousands of stray dogs were recorded in observed regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 2008 – 2009, it was obvious that such conditions could endanger the health of both humans and domestic animals. The problem in Bosnia and Herzegovina attempted to be solved using various approaches during the period from 1996 – 2009. Some solutions were: using hygiene services of public utility companies in some places, or establishing dog shelters. The third solution for the problem was the employment of hunting associations and their active participation for reducing the number of stray dogs. Minimization of large number of stray dogs required number of measures and activities such as aplicable legal framework, education for dog owners, neutering of dogs, building shelters, euthanasia of ill and agressive dogs and permanent hosting of dogs.

The laboratory rat, as important biomedical model, was often fed with unconventional diet usually made up of products from the bakery industry. Such diet consisted of insufficient caloric and nutritionally unbalanced meals could cause unreliable results in biomedical research. The study investigates the effects of malnutrition on the haematological profile of rats. The study is performed on Wistar male and female rats which were fed for 4 weeks exclusively with bakery products ad libidum. The following hematological parameters were observed in peripheral blood smears: red blood cell count, content of haemoglobin, haematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, white blood cell count, differential blood count, diameter of red blood cells, as well as the presence of atypical forms of red blood cells. Despite there were no statistically significant differences in overall haematological results (p > 0.05, with > 0.05), the significant part of obtained results were below physiological limits (HGB, MCHC and MCH). Other haematological parameters, including white blood corpuscles were kept in physiological limits, except for mild neutrophils in males. Also, the forms of anulocytes and spherocytes were recorded in peripheral blood smears. The results indicated the beginning of normocytic hypochromic anaemia which was caused by unbalanced meals.