Visual impairment can occur in different periods of life, and each person reacts differently in a way that corresponds to their personality, abilities, goals, as well as the life situation in which they find themselves. The aim of this research paper was to show, according to the available literature, the impact of individual educational-rehabilitation treatment on visual perception in students with visual impairment. The sample of respondents included a student, male, aged 9 years, diagnosed with nystagmus, amblyopia, and astigmatism. The student was included in an educational-rehabilitation program in order to improve his visual functioning. For the purpose of assessment and evaluation, the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) fifth edition was used, which is intended for the assessment of visual-motor integration, visual perception, and motor coordination. An initial and final assessment was conducted with the student, and the Visual Perception subtest, consisting of 30 tasks, was used for the same. After the initial assessment, an individual educational-rehabilitation treatment was carried out for 2 months. The research data were processed by frequency analysis. On the basis of statistical processing and data analysis, the results showed an improvement in the area of visual perception, thereby confirming the need to implement an educational-rehabilitation program for a student with visual impairment.Keywords: visual perception,visual impairment, individual educational-rehabilitation program.

U današnje vrijeme stariji ljudi su često percipirani kroz prizmu onoga što više ne mogu da rade, umjesto shvatanja starijih osoba kao svojevrsnih potencijala i resursa koji se još uvijek mogu razvijati i doprinositi društvenoj zajednici. Upravo iz ovih razloga jako je važno raditi na povećanju svijesti društa o mogućnostima ali i potrebama starih osoba koje nisu u mogućnosti sebi obezbijediti. Postoje različiti oblici zaštite ove populacije. Jedan od pristupa jeste i intitucionalni smještaj, koji pruža veliki broj usluga starijim osobama uključujući, zdravstvnu, socijalnu i psihološku podršku tokom dužeg vremenskog perioda. Cilj rada je ispitati nivo funkcionalnih kompetencija i smislenih aktivnosti kao važnih indikatora kvalitete života osoba smještenih u Dom penzionera, Tuzla. Za potrebe istraživanja uzorkom je obuhvaćeno ukupno 35 (N=35) osoba, od čega je 12 (N=12) ispitanika muškog, dok je 23 (N=23) ispitanika ženskog spola. Starosna dob ispitanika kreće se od od 65 do 90 godina starosti. Istraživanje je trajalo od januara do aprila 2023. godine, bilo je anonimno i na dobrovoljnoj osnovi. Mjerni instrument korišten u istraživanju je dio Ljestvice procjene kvalitete života među korisnicima domova za starije (Quality Of Life (QOL) Upitnik), verzija 2.0 (Kane, 2001). Ljestivca je Likertovog tipa. Podaci su obrađeni metodom deskriptivne statistike. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je korisnicima starijm osobama koje su na institucionalnom smještaju potrebno više podrške u ostvarivanju funkcionalnih kompetencija i smislenih aktivnosti. Većina ispitanika navodi da bi njihov kvalitet života poboljšalo kada bi češće izlazili vani i provodili vrijeme na otvorenom prostoru.

The motor development of the child, especially motor coordination, is important for performing purposeful activities. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of individual educational and rehabilitation treatment on motor coordination in students with visual impairment. The sample included one student, male, aged 9 years, with a diagnosis of nystagmus, amblyopia and astigmatism. The initial and final assessment was done with the student, and the Beery-Buktenica developmental test of visual-motor integration (VMI) fifth edition was used for the same, which is intended for the assessment of visual-motor integration, visual perception and motor coordination. For the purposes of this research, the subtest Motor Coordination was used, which consists of 30 tasks. After the initial assessment, an individual educational-rehabilitation treatment lasting 2 months was conducted. Survey data was processed by frequency analysis. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that there has been an improvement in students in the field of motor coordination. The results of the research indicated the importance of recognizing students with motor coordination difficulties as early as possible, as well as the importance of conducting educational and rehabilitation treatment, with a positive effect on motor coordination. Keywords: visual impairment, motor coordination, educational-rehabilitation program.

The sense of sight plays a very important role in the life of every individual, since we receive most of the information from the environment with the help of sight. Visually impaired children have difficulty receiving information from the world around them. Lack of visual experience can negatively affect their development. Timely examinations and assessments will indicate the occurrence of various neurological disorders in children, if any are present. A very common cause of neurological disorders is perinatal brain damage. Children with perinatal brain damage often have difficulties in visual functioning and it is therefore very important to assess functional vision in these children. If there are any neurodevelopmental disorders in the child, it is important to start vision rehabilitation as soon as possible, in order to effectively influence the improvement of visual functions. Keywords: functional vision, perinatal brain damage, early vision rehabilitation.

The problem of blindness and other visual impairment is very important because it affects millions of people in the world. For those suffering from innate visual impairment, it is very difficult to imagine the world like it is, the fight begins from early school stages and continues until the end of life. This paper describes how the learning of basic geometric shapes, and their different positions, has an impact on the formation of a mental scheme in orientation and mobility. Geometry and its knowledge represent only one small part necessary for a safer and more independent movement of blind people. The research has shown that the quarterly individual work, on the adoption of geometric concepts and positions in students, is making progress in overcoming the recent problems. Spatial visualization implies understanding and imaginary movements, which, with spatial orientation and recognition of parts and relationships in the micro and macro environment, require mental rotation in relation to the position of the body. Therefore, it all together influences the formation of the mental scheme of the blind people, which is the basis for orientation and movement.

Independent and safe movement includes the development of motor skills, the acquisition of basic concepts, the awareness of oneself and the awareness of the environment. The aim of the research was to determine the influence and significance of the orientation to the body of blind students, on orientation and mobility. The sample consisted of 30 blind students aged 7 to 15, placed in the internal accommodation of the Center for Children and Youth with Developmental Disabilities "Budućnost" in Derventa and the Center for Blind and Visually Impaired Children and Youth in Sarajevo. The research used an instrument for assessing the ability of the mobility of the blind, which established the initial and final levels of development of the ability to orientate towards one's own body and the mobility of blind students. For statistical data processing, descriptive statistics and t-test methods were used. The results are in favor of the final measurement, that is, after the treatment was carried out, the improvement of the orientation towards the body was determined, which influenced the orientation and mobility of the blind pupils.

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron investigar la asociacion de indice de masa corporal (IMC) con diferentes dimensiones de la percepcion de si mismo y el nivel de autoestima de las estudiantes de la Universidad de Tuzla. El estudio se realizo sobre una muestra de 120 estudiantes del primer y segundo ano en la Universidad de Tuzla y utilizo los siguientes instrumentos: Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (ROSF), Cuestionario PD forma A y calculo del IMC. Los resultados indicaron que el autoestima y autovaloracion, junto con una sensacion de comodidad e incomodidad afectan la experiencia de percepcion del cuerpo, sin tener relacion con el IMC. Tambien se determinaron cuales fueron variables predictoras significativas de la experiencia de percepcion corporal y el nivel de autoestima en la muestra examinada, indicando una correlacion significativa entre la autopercepcion y la sensacion de bienestar relacionadas con la imagen corporal en el autoestima de los estudiantes analizados, los cuales podrian no estar relacionados con la apariencia corporal real en terminos de reduccion o aumento de peso corporal.

The aim of this work was to examine existence of influence of visually impairment type on the rate of reading of visually impairment students, primary school's age, from the Centre for blind and partially sighted children and youth in Sarajevo. One minute test of laud reading is used for reading rate examination (Furlan, 1965), which makes the list of 120 words arranged from easier and shorter, to heavier and longer. We used the form C, and the result of examinees represents number of correctly read words in one minute. Results demonstrated that there is statistically evident difference within the group of visually impaired students with a different type of visual impairment. The work points out to the importance of individual approach, adaptation of working environment as well as enabling aids during education of students with a different type of visual impairment.

Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is a disorder of the eye that is characterized by poor or indistinct vision in an eye that is otherwise physically healthy and normal. the aim of our research was to examine the most frequent causes of amblyopia and the treatment possibilities. The research was conducted on 64 children, aged between 3 and 6 ; the information was collected from the medical records from the Orthoptics and Pleoptics Department at the Eye Clinic, Tuzla University- Clinical Center. The following statistics procedures weere conducted in information analysis: descriptive staatistics, statistic of frequency and t-test. It si necessary to enable early detection of functional amblyopia (throught some medical symptoms of partial sightedness) and provide parents education about causes, effects and possible treatment of amblyopia.