Background: The term stress refers to the internal state of the organism (sometimes labeled as "load"), an external event ("stressor"), an experience created by the transaction of a person and the environment. Stress is an extremely used term in all areas of human activity. It is a natural phenomenon and a companion of mankind since its very existence. Although a large number of professional and scientific articles related to the concept of stress and reaction to stress have been published during the last 60 years, various authors state that not all concepts are clearly and unambiguously defined in this field. Objective: The aim of this paper is to present different theories of stress and to familiarize the reader about the consequences of everyday stress on human health. Methods: The subject of research is stress and its impact on health in today's modern world. The type of research on this topic is based on a retrospective and descriptive method based on the use of published articles in the PubMed and Scopus index databases. Results and Discussion: Therefore, different theories of stress define differently the concept of stress, reactions to stress, coping with stress and the consequences of a stressful event. Studies on stress was started by Hans Selye in the thirties of the 20th century. Understanding stress as the organism's reaction to various physical and physiological stressors, Selye also became the originator of the first, so-called of the reductionist model in the study of stress. Another theoretical approach in the concepts of stress boils down to the explanation that stress is determined by the nature of the stressor. This paradigm has been offered since the late sixties of the 20th century and is called the interactionist model of stress. At the same time as the interactionist model, a third, transactional model in the study of stress appeared, created by Richard Lazarus. According to this model, the consequences of a stressful transaction are the result of the interplay of personal and external factors that continuously affect each other. Conclusion: The stress is a state in which the psychophysical balance of the organism is disturbed and which, in order to adapt, requires additional efforts. Circumstances that cause stress are also called stressors. Among the psychological changes characteristic of stress, the most pronounced are changes in the sphere of emotional processes. Emotional reactions characteristic of stress are most often anxiety, anger and sadness, and shame, guilt, oversaturation can also occur. After a traumatic or other intense stress (related to losses or diagnosed with an incurable disease), emotional flattening can occur. Changes in psychological functioning during stress can be so intense that they take on the dimensions of a psychological crisis.

Goal: The goal of this study was the determination of the effects in treatment of early stage (<IIB) and locally advanced stages (≥IIB) of uterine cervical carcinoma by using MRI. Material and Methods: The study was a prospective, comparative, analytical, and observational and included 74 patients with cervical cancer (PH confirmed). All 74 patients have initially gone through the pre-therapeutic MRI to determine the tumour FIGO stage. At a renewal of the initial MRI findings, patients were divided into two study groups: group A and group B. Group A consisted from 39 patients with early-stage cervical carcinoma (<IIB) and group B comprised from 35 patients with locally advanced stage (≥IIB). Postterapeutic MRI control, were perfomed in both group (A and B). Further MRI examinations were set for the patients from both groups. Results: An analysis of treatment outcomes in group A showed that most patients had no local recurrence or residuum disease in 89.7%, while local recurrence was observed in only 10.3% cases. An analysis of treatment outcomes in group B showed that most patients had complete regression after local chemoradiotherapy in 68.8%, while 25.7% of patients had local progression of the disease, while the 5.7% cases recorded partial local tumour regression(p<0.05). It has been shown that a complete local regression was more frequent in the case of squamous cell carcinoma in 74.2% vs 25% in adenocarcinoma cases. Also local and partial regression was observed more frequently in the case of squamous cell carcinoma in 6.5% compared to 0% in adenocarcinoma, while progression was more common in adenocarcinoma at 75% compared to 19.4% for squamous cell (p<0.05). MRI results showed positive outcome of treatment group A and B in our study, showed a statistically significant difference in favour of group A (89.7%) compared to group B 68.8% (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results obtained from our studies show that early stage cervical cancer (<IIB) shows a better outcome in treatment of advanced stages (≥IIB). In the treatment of advanced stages (≥IIB), concomitant radio chemotherapy shows significant results in terms of complete tumour regression, especially in squamous cell type of cervical cancer.

Introduction: Transfusion is an activity that assures sufficient supply of blood and blood components to treat the sick and injured. In transfusion departments is necessary to timely provide adequate amounts of blood and blood products for various surgical procedures. Material and methods: To determine the total amount of preoperative requirements (BT/AB and BT/AB/MT) for blood and blood products in surgical departments of General Hospital “Prim. Dr. Abdulah Nakas” in the period from June 1, 2014 – December 31, 2014 and analyze the requirements for blood in relation to surgical procedures, surgical discipline, period, age and gender of patients. To determine the maximum consumption levels surgeries. Results: The total amount of preoperative requirements for blood and blood products in surgical departments amounted to 927. Almost the same number of requests with a slightly higher percentage was in December and October and the lowest in June. The average age of patients was 52.2±20.1 years with the youngest patient aged 9 and the oldest at the age of 97 years. Women were more prevalent with 686 or 74% of the time compared to men. The largest number of requests for surgery elective cesarean section 208 (22.5%) with delivery wards, then for surgery or hip replacement 98 (10.6%). Maximum consumption for surgical operations Hysterectomy totalis abdominals 15 doses of blood. Conclusion: The largest number of requests were for elective cesarean section 208 (22.5%) with delivery wards, then for surgery or hip replacement with 98 (10.6%). Maximum consumed doses had gynecology surgery at Hysterectomy totalis abdominals 15 doses of blood, then orthopedics surgery at Primary hip prosthesis 11 doses.

Introduction: The hospital blood bank (HBB) need to timely provide adequate amounts of blood and blood products for surgeries. For various surgical programs are performed assessments of the average number of blood doses needed for surgery. By using two types of requisitions BT/AB (blood type/antibody) and BT/AB/MT (blood type/antibody/match test) for pretransfusion immunohaematological testing in General Hospital “Prim. Dr. Abdulah Nakas” is achieved more rational consumption of blood and blood derivatives and financial savings through reduced number of matching tests (MT). Goal: To determine the total amount of pre-operative requisitions (BT/AB and BT/AB/MT) for blood and blood products at surgical departments of the General Hospital “Prim. Dr. Abdulah Nakas” in the period from June 1, 2014 – December 31, 2014 and analyze the consumption/return of blood in reserve in relation to the surgical disciplines, the total number of savings in MT. Conduct assessments MSBOS (Maximum Surgical Blood Ordering Schedule). Results: The total amount of preoperative requisitions for blood and blood products in surgical wards was 927 requests from which 623 demands or 67.2% is tested by BT/MT, while 304 or 32.8% was tested by BT/AB/MT. Transfused in total was 617 units of blood and blood products, 275 units were not transfused. Probability of transfusions for surgery was 51.3, the highest in the case of surgical intensive care 70.4 and the lowest for the department of general surgery 37.2%. Assessment of indicators of efficient resource management indicates they are the best at the delivery ward 0.89, while a total for surgical wards is 0.69. In total for surgery on the average were required 2.1 units of blood. By using two types of requisitions for pretransfusion immunohaematological testing (BT/AB and CG/AB/MT) is achieved more rational use of MT. In 623 requests for BT/AB only 61 MT were performed. Average of blood units issued in accordance with these requirements is 0.08 and the savings in the number of MT amounts to 562.

BACKGROUND The Modern oncological treatment usually consists of the different kind of the therapies. Improvement of survival and local control of disease could be possible with combined treatments: surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, etc. However if these treatments are given concomitantly one can expect higher toxicity. AIM Comparation of parameters of miclotoxicity: red blood cell count, white blood cell count, platelets and hemoglobin in patients with advanced cervical carcinoma treated with concomitant chemo-radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone. PATIENTS AND METHODS From 1997-1999, we performed prospective, by randomised, study, and 80 patients were divided in two groups: Group A--40 patients treated with concomitant chemo-radiotherapy versus, Group B--40 patients treated with radiotherapy alone. Red blood cell count, white blood cell count, platelets and hemoglobin were evaluated before enrollement, during the theraphy, after 3 and 6 months, according to CTC toxicity criteria. RESULTS We perform statistical analysis using H2 test, and we found no significant difference in mild nad severe toxicity in red blood cell count, white blood cell count, platelets and hemoglobin among groups.