Abstract Objective  This study investigated biomechanical behavior of custom post core made of six different materials on the tooth with and without the ferrule under different occlusal load. Materials and Methods  Three-dimensional models of mandibular first premolar, with and without ferrule, reconstructed from micro-computed tomography image are restored with different custom post core and zirconia crowns. By using the finite element analysis, von Mises stress shown in MPa was measured under simulated axial and oblique load of 200 [N]. To compare the stress distribution, six different custom post core materials were chosen: zirconia, Ni-Cr alloy, gold alloy, glass fiber-polyether ether ketone, polyether ether ketone, and carbon fiber-polyether ether ketone. Results  Custom post cores with a higher modulus of elasticity showed higher measured stress in the posts, but less stress in dentin. Measured stress in custom post core under oblique loading was approximately three times higher compared with axial loading. Stress in custom post core and in dentin under both types of loads was slightly higher in teeth without ferrule effect. Conclusion  The use of custom cast post cores made of different alloys is recommended in restoration of endodontically treated teeth, with extensive loss of tooth structure especially in teeth without ferrule effect.

Introduction: Stress among students is a growing problem. As emotional stress increases, the limbic structures and hypothalamus are stimulated, activating the gamma efferent system, which ultimately leads to an increase in muscle tone or additional muscle activity that can become repetitive behaviors such as bruxism. The aim of the study was to investigate the stress level that students are exposed to, to determine the difference between students in terms of gender, faculty, and year of study, and to evaluate the possible relationship between stress level and self-reported bruxism in college students during the pandemic COVID-19. Methods: In April 2022, a cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of students from the Faculty of Dentistry and the Faculty of Pharmacy at the University of Sarajevo (BiH). The students answered a questionnaire consisting of two parts: The first part contained questions on basic personal data and data on self-reported bruxism and the second part contained questions on the perceived stress scale (PSS). Results: The study included 756 students from both faculties. Analysis of stress levels among students revealed higher stress levels. Female students were more likely to be under stress than male respondents. Students in the Faculty of Pharmacy were more likely to be stressed than students in the Faculty of Dentistry. At the Faculty of Pharmacy, there was no difference in stress levels between the different years of study, while at the Faculty of Dentistry, the individual score for PSS was highest among 1st-year students. A high prevalence (46.8%) of self-reported bruxism was found among students in both faculties. Conclusion: A slight positive correlation between self-reported bruxism and stress suggests that it is important to implement stress management strategies during academic education and to prevent bruxism and its consequences.

(1) Background: This study evaluates the effect of a conventional/low-voltage light-curing protocol (LV protocol) (10 s with 1340 mW/cm2) and high-voltage light-curing protocol (HV protocol) (3 s with 3440 mW/cm2) on the microhardness (MH) of dental resin-based composites (RBCs). Five resin composites were tested: conventional Evetric (EVT), Tetric Prime (TP), Tetric Evo Flow (TEF), bulk-fill Tetric Power Fill (PFL), and Tetric Power Flow (PFW). (2) Materials and Methods: Two tested composites (PFW and PFL) were designed for high-intensity light curing. The samples were made in the laboratory in specially designed cylindrical molds; diameter = 6 mm and height = 2 or 4 mm, depending on the type of composite. Initial MH was measured on the top and bottom surfaces of composite specimens 24 h after light curing using a digital microhardness tester (QNESS 60 M EVO, ATM Qness GmbH, Mammelzen, Germany). The correlation between the filler content (wt%, vol%) and the MH of the RBCs was tested. For the calculation of depth-dependent curing effectiveness, the bottom/top ratio for initial MH was used. (3) Conclusions: MH of RBCs is more dependent on material composition than on light-curing protocol. Filler wt% has a greater influence on MH values compared to filler vol%. The bottom/top ratio showed values over 80% for bulk composites, while for conventional sculptable composites, borderline or suboptimal values were measured for both curing protocols.

Abstract Objectives  The aim of the study was to analyze the occurrence of stress on teeth with abfraction lesions restored with six different restorative materials, and by introducing the tensile strength parameters to calculate the safety factor of the material under the load (ratio between the strength of the material and the maximum stress). Materials and Methods  Three-dimensional models of the mandibular premolar are created from a microcomputed tomography images. An abfraction lesion is modeled on the tooth. The stress of the dental tissues and six restorative materials under functional and nonfunctional occlusal loading of 200 (N) are analyzed by finite element method. Statistical Analysis  CTAn program 1.10 and ANSYS Workbench (version 14.0) were used for analysis. Results are presented in von Mises stress. Results  Oblique loads caused ≈ four times higher stress in restorative materials than the axial ones. It is noticeable that high values of von Mises stress are measured at the bottom of the sharp lesion, even up to 240 MPa, that are significantly reduced after the restoration. The highest stresses at the restorative material are present at the lower (gingival) margin of the restoration. The highest stresses under both types of loads are measured in nanohybrid composite (Tetric EvoCeram, Ivoclar Vivadent). The lowest values of the stress are measured in the flowable composite (Tetric Flow, Ivoclar Vivadent), but at the same time, the highest value of the stress is measured in the surrounding dental tissues on the tooth restored with the flowable composite. The microhybrid composite (Herculite XR, Kerr), with the highest safety factor, is the material that best withstands the stresses it is exposed to. The obtained safety factor did not exceed the critical limit, except for the glass ionomer cement, with the safety factor lower than 1. Conclusion  The type of tooth loading has the greatest influence on the intensity of stress. The value of the obtained stresses in the restorative material and dental tissues differ due to the different mechanical properties of the materials. Restoration of noncarious lesions significantly reduces extremely high stress values at their bottom.

Introduction: Perceptions of the esthetic appearance of teeth vary in different individuals and can affect satisfaction with the dental appearance, attitudes, and the need for appropriate dental treatment. The research aims to examine the factors influencing the satisfaction with the appearance of the dentition and the attitude toward treatments which improve dental esthetics among students of the faculty of dentistry in comparison to the attitudes of students of non-dental faculties.Methods: The research included a total of 358 students of the Faculty of Dentistry and Faculty of Architecture in Sarajevo who voluntarily filled out a questionnaire created for this research. The questionnaire contained questions related to satisfaction with the appearance of teeth in general, tooth color, tooth position, questions related to the previous, and future desired esthetic restorations and treatments.Results: Female subjects expressed statistically significantly greater dissatisfaction with the appearance of the dentition and did or plan to do treatments that could improve dental esthetics compared to male subjects. Students of the Faculty of Dentistry at final years were significantly more satisfied with the general appearance of teeth and tooth color compared to freshmen students of the Faculty of Dentistry and students of the Faculty of Architecture.Conclusion: Satisfaction with dental appearance is a subjective experience that is influenced by various factors, level, and type of education is among them.

Background According to available scientific references and textbooks, there are contradictory views concerning the etiology of signs and symptoms of TMD. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine a correlation between the incidence of signs and symptoms of TMD in children aged 12-18 who do not wear a fixed orthodontic appliance and the incidence of signs and symptoms of TMD in children who wear a fixed orthodontic appliance. Material and Methods The total number of 120 subjects were included in this survey and divided into two groups. There were 60 respondents in the experimental group that consisted of 30 boys and 30 girls with different types of malocclusion, who were treated with a fixed orthodontic straight wire technique. The remaining 60 respondents, which was a group that also consisted of 30 boys and 30 girls, were patients with neutroclusion. Results The results of the study have shown that the TMJ clicking sound symptom, the most common symptom of TMD, occurs with almost equal prevalence in both groups of respondents; specifically, 56.4% in orthodontic patients, and 46.6% in the control group respondents. A statistically significantly higher percentage of female respondents in both groups have experienced headache problems (p <0.03). Conclusion On the basis of the statistics obtained as a result of this research, we can come to the conclusion that there is no correlation between the fixed orthodontic treatment and the development of signs and symptoms of TMD.

Introduction: Dentists and generally dental personnel work under the risk of being infected by patients suffering from COVID-19, who are unaware that they are infected.  The reason lies in the fact that during dental procedures, aerosol is formed with droplets that may contain the virus. Thus, it is extremely important that dental personnel complies with adequate protective measures and equipment during clinical work. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the knowledge of COVID-19 and determine the amount of stress with dental personnel of the Faculty of Dentistry in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.  Methods: Health care personnel of the Faculty of Dentistry with Clinics of the University in Sarajevo have been included in the research: teaching staff, clinical doctors, dental nurses and dental technicians. The research was conducted in April 2020. It was conducted by an anonymous survey that participants filled-in. Out of 157 distributed questionnaires in paper form, 134 participants responded. The questionnaire was divided into 3 parts: 1) personal data 2) knowledge of infection COVID-19 (diagnostic methods, transmission pathways, prevention measures); 3) the amount of stress (feelings and thoughts) during epidemic COVID-19 with personnel. Results: The largest number of participants (61.97%) consider that COVID-19 may be transmitted from infected to a healthy person by inhalation of droplets generated through coughing of an infected person and by direct contact with aerosol dispersed from the mouth of the infected patient during dental treatment. The largest number of participants, 80 of them (59.7%) consider that the method of nucleic acid test is used in diagnosing COVID-19.  COVID – 19 had a significantly larger influence on females; they showed higher extent of concern for the claim „I hardly fall asleep because of thinking about it“, „I try not to talk on this topic“ and „In my mind appear pictures in relation to this.“ (p<0.05) Conclusion: Knowledge of COVID-19 and measures of protection of health care personnel at the Faculty of dentistry with Clinics in Sarajevo is satisfactory. The largest fear of participants was fear of unconsciously transmitting the infection on people close to them and that members of their families become infected with COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the solubility of three luting cements in three different solutions: distilled water and artificial saliva with different pH values (7.4 and 3.0). MATERIALS AND METHODS Resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (GC Fuji Plus) and two resin cements (Multilink Automix and Variolink II) were used. A total of 45 specimens, 15 specimens (15x1 mm) for each cement, were prepared according to ISO standard 4049:2009. The solubility of the cements was calculated by weighing the specimens before and after immersion and desiccation. Values of solubility in water (Wsl) in microgram/mm3 for each of the five specimens were calculated using the following formula (ISO 4049:2009): Wsl=(m1-m3)/V. The Mann-Whitney U nonparametric statistical method and Post hoc sample comparisons were applied. RESULTS GC Fuji Plus showed statistically significant higher solubility in comparison with Variolink II and Multilink Automix in all three solutions. In acidic artificial saliva (pH 3.0) Multilink Automix showed significantly higher values of solubility compared to Variolink II (P<0.016). By studying the effect of pH value on the solubility of GC Fuji Plus cement, significantly higher values of solubility in pH 3.0 artificial saliva were confirmed (P<0.009). The influence of the surrounding pH value on the solubility of the resin cements Multilink Automix and Variolink II was researched. No statistically significant difference was found. CONCLUSION Solubility values were mainly influenced by the proportion of hydrophilic matrix, the type and composition of filler, and the pH value of the solutions.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of gender on the mental index (MI) and the mandibular cortical index (MCI). METHODS In this study, there were 120 subjects (43 male and 77 female subjects), who had undergone a dental panoramic radiograph examination for the needs of diagnosis and future treatment planning. MI and MCI were determined by orthopantomograph. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in MI dependent on gender. Male patients demonstrated significantly higher values for MI than female patients (right: t=4.127; P=0.0001, left: t=3.110; P=0.002). No statistically significant difference was observed for MCI dependent on gender (right: χ²=2.36 P=0.308, left: χ²=3.85 P=0.146). CONCLUSION MI is affected by gender, but MCI is not.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the water sorption of three luting cements in three different solutions: distilled water and artificial saliva with different pH values (7.4 and 3.0). MATERIALS AND METHODS Resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (GC Fuji Plus) and two resin cements (Multilink Automix and Variolink II) were used. A total of 45 specimens - 15 specimens (15x1 mm) for each cement were prepared according to ISO standard 4049:2009. The water sorptions of the cements were calculated by weighing the specimens before and after immersion and desiccation. RESULTS . Nonparametric statistic methods were applied. GC Fuji Plus cement showed significantly higher values of water sorption in all three solutions of both resin cements (p<0.009) and significantly higher values of sorption in artificial saliva pH 3.0. Multilink Automix showed significantly higher values of water sorption compared with Variolink II in artificial saliva pH 7.4, and higher values of sorption in this solution compared with pH value 3.0. CONCLUSION Water sorption values are mainly influenced by the proportion of hydrophilic matrix, the type and composition of filler, and the pH value of solutions.

Introduction: One of the most frequently used method for scanning patients with indication for dental implantation in dentistry is cone beam computed tomography. Implantation, CBCT imaging and implant programme are inevitable when planning a successful replacement of lost teeth. CBCT offers exact information about available bone and its density, adjacent tooth roots, the place of mandibular canal and maxillary sinus and adjacent anatomical structure. Aim: The goal of this study is to estimate accuracy of measurements on CBCT images ofpatients who have implants of different producers and determine if there is any statistically significant correlation between four test groups regardless of the alloy of which implants are made. Material and methods: The study was a prospective-comparative, and included fifteen patients with hundred dental implants divided in four groups depending on the producer. Results: Over dimensioning in the gained measurements of the whole sample on CBCT images in relation to dimensions of producers is between 0.1006mm and 0.368mm. Even though over dimensioning is measured in millimetres, it has to be taken into consideration in clinical practice when planning an implant placement, and we can recommend safety zone of 0.5mm. There have been no statistically significant differences in the gained results in over dimensioning of implants of different alloys for horizontal and vertical measurements on CBCT images of Astra Tech, Brendet titanium implants and Straumann titanium-zirconium implants. Based on the goals of the study there have been confirmed statistically significant correlations of great value (from 0.841 to 0.936) of high level of importance between manufactured value of dimensions and average dimensions values gained through CBCT imaging in four types of implants (four test groups). The total exactness of measurements on CBCT scan in this research is 96.66% for horizontal measuring and 96.92% for vertical measuring. Therefore, we can conclude that CBCT as radiological method has an unavoidable importance in planning and successful realisation of dental implant procedure. Conclusion: Cone Beam Computed Tomography provides exact measurements of dimensions of placed dental implant in relation to dimensions of the producers of the implant because the material from which dental implants have been made does not significantly affect the precision of the measurement.

PURPOSE The aim of the study was to analyze the amount of maxillary and mandibular crestal bone loss around Bredent Sky Blue type of implants of different dimensions one year after implantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS 36 implants of diameter 3.5 x 10 mm were inserted in the maxilla and 12 in the mandible. 52 implants of diameter 4.0 x 8 mm were inserted in the maxilla, and 61 in the mandible (two-stage implant surgery). RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between the right and left side of the maxilla and between the right and left side of the mandible at the implant sites regarding distal and mesial bone losses as shown by analysis of variance (ANOVA). CONCLUSION Statistically significant differences were found between anterior maxilla, posterior maxilla and anterior mandible and posterior mandible at implant sites regarding distal and mesial bone losses as shown by analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Aims & Objectives: Early crestal bone loss has been described in the crestal region of successfully oseointegrated implants, regardless of surgical approaches, and can range from loss of marginal bone to complete failure of the implant. The aim of the study was to analyze the amount of crestal bone loss of the mandible around 73 implants type Bredent blueSKY® of different diameters. Methods: Dental panoramic radiographs were made before surgery, immediately after surgery and after one year of functional loading, using Ortopantomograph type Kodak 8000 c, XJAM530. The measurements were performed using software Kodak dental software 6.11.7.0. Results: The difference between the mesial and distal resorption around implant diameter 3.5 x 10 mm in mandible on the right side was not statistically significant (p = 0.638) and also on the left side was not statistically significant (p = 0,523). The difference between mesial and distal resorption around implant size 4.0 x 8 mm in mandible on the right side was not statistically significant (p = 0.196) and also on the left side was not statistically significant (p = 0,456). Conclusion: Crestal bone resorption was greater mesially than distally, although the differences were not statistically significant.

Objective: To analyze the amount of crestal bone loss in maxilla and mandible around Bredent Sky Blue implants of different dimension a year after implantation. Material and Methods: 36 implants diameter 3.5 x 10 mm were inserted in the maxilla and 12 in the mandible. 52 implants diameter 4.0 x 8 mm were inserted in the maxilla, and 61 in the mandible (two-stage implant surgery). The data were analysed using the IBM SPSS v.17 software package (descriptive statistics, ANOVA -test). Results: No statistically significant differences were found between maxilla right, maxilla left, mandible right and mandible left side at implant sites regarding distal and mesial bone losses. Statistically significant differences were found between maxilla front, maxilla posterior, mandible front and mandible posterior at implant sites regarding distal and mesial bone losses. Conclusion: This study showed more bone loss for anterior implants compared to the posterior ones, but there was no significant different bone loss between maxillary and mandibular implants regarding sites.

Objective: To compare the prevalence of signs and symptoms of TMD in PTSD and non-PTSD matched control patients using RDC/TMD protocol. Material and Methods: The study sample consisted of 30 patients with PTSD and 30 patients without PTSD. Data was collected using the Croatian versions of the RDC/TMD protocol. Data were analyzed using PASW Statistics 18.0. The significance of the differences between groups (PTSD patients and control group) was tested using Chi-Square test, Independent Samples test and Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: A comparison of the frequency of individual symptoms in both groups revealed significant differences in the following symptoms: pain in face, jaw, temple, in front of the ear or in the ear in the past month; jaw locking or catching; jaw clicking or popping; jaw grinding noise; jaw aching or stiffness in the morning; noises or ringing in the ears; uncomfortable or unusual bite; headaches or migraines during the last six months. Independent Samples test revealed a statistically significant difference between subjects with / without PTSD for the maximum assisted opening (p < 0.024) and measurement of the opening click on the left side (p < 0.014). Only in the posterior attachment on the left side (inside the ear), statistically significant difference in pain between patients with PTSD and without PTSD was detected (p < 0.008). Conclusion: There are significant differences between PTSD patients and control group in terms of RDC/TMD protocol.