Abstract The breaking capacity of a medium voltage (MV) rotary SF6 load break switch (LBS) can be improved by incorporating permanent magnets into the stationary contacts. The magnetic field is intended to blow the switching arc root towards a recessed space at the stationary contacts thereby preventing reignition of the arc after current zero. Making and breaking tests of load current 630 A were performed comparing the switching performance of load break switches equipped without a permanent magnet, with a ferrite and with a neodymium magnet. The impact of different polarity arrangements of the magnets in the three phases is also considered and analysed. In order to understand the arc behaviour caused by the effect of permanent magnet, arcing times and arc voltage were measured and evaluated. The results show that the arc voltage depends on the direction of the electromagnetic force, which is determined by the phase current direction but also by the polarity of the magnets. When the force is directed towards the recessed space at the stationary contacts, the arc voltage is notably higher than in the case where the arc is blown in the opposite direction. The higher arc voltage is a reliable indication that the length of the arc is increased, which significantly reduces the risk of both thermal and dielectric breakdowns after the first current zero. The consequences are noticed first in the reduction of the number of missed current zeroes and second in shorter minimum arcing times. An adverse arrangement of the magnet polarity in the three phases increases the number of missed current zeroes.

Abstract This paper presents the study of deformations and Von-Misses stresses of the main shaft system during opening and closing operations of a rotary SF6 load break switch (LBS). The shaft consists of three axially connected parts made of steel where components are on ground potential and of plastic material, which is on high potential. The insulating shaft carries three rotating knife-blade contacts for the three phases. Static deformation of the insulating shaft is calculated by applying a defined torque between the two ends of the shaft. The results allow deducing the dynamic deformation. Maximum values of Von-Misses stresses are located at the geared connection between the plastic and the steel shaft. The rotation of the shaft system is measured synchronously by two optical rotary encoders in the front and rear sides of the LBS. The results confirm the twisting of the shaft system and provide its elastic deformation values. Travel curves obtained on both side of the LBS show different courses with respect to overtravel and rebound. Discrepancies can be explained by the deformation of the main shaft due to the acting forces, whereas manufacturing tolerances resulting in loose have a certain contribution.

Modeling of pressure rise in SF6 GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear) due to internal arc faults is a complex and challenging task, due to a large number of highly variable factors, which influence the whole process. This is especially the case in GIS with high rated short circuit currents, where the effects, such as material evaporation and erratic arc behavior, and consequently the pressure build-up rate, are much more pronounced. These severe conditions ultimately determine the design limits and must therefore be carefully investigated. The enhanced internal arc simulation model, presented in this paper, considers the impact of evaporation of different materials on gas properties and the pressure rise, as well as the dependence of released arc energy, thermal transfer and evaporation intensity on the state of gas. The experimental set-up and the test configuration, used to validate the calculation results, are evaluated and discussed. An evident finding, which is supported by measurements, is that the implemented improvements of the basic simulation model (introduced in the Technical Brochure 602 by the CIGRÉ working group A3.24) increase the prediction accuracy of GIS withstand performance during internal arc faults.

Nowadays, high voltage circuit breaker (CB) simulations are mostly based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. Such simulations require significant computer resources. An alternative approach is to use enthalpy flow models, which do not use space discretization of the interrupter unit chambers and valves. Gas flow is calculated based on state of gas in adjacent chambers and valve settings. However, the valve shape has significant influence on the effective flow cross section between chambers. Therefore, in order to ensure correct simulation results, it is necessary to determine the correct values of discharge coefficients for all valves in the interrupter unit of a circuit breaker. In this paper, the discharge coefficients were determined by combining a series of CFD and enthalpy flow simulations for each valve in the interrupter unit. After that, discharge coefficients are used as input for further simulations based on the enthalpy flow model. This way, benefits from both models are combined: more precise gas flow calculation and faster simulations. The proposed novel approach is validated in a high-power laboratory by pressure measurements on a 420 kV 63 kA self-blast circuit breaker.

The self-blast type circuit breaker has been developed to reduce mechanical operation energy by building up the pressure of arc extinguishing gas flow from the heat of the arc itself. Unlike a puffer type, breaking performance for self-blast type are influenced and sensitive by various factors inside interrupter parts, such as the nozzle structure, chamber shape as well as amplitude of short circuit current. These days, particularly, it has been difficult to secure a low current breaking performance as the circuit breaker has been compacted. The currents for breaking test duties belong to from 10% to 30% of the rated breaking current in accordance with IEC standard. Although the arc energy for interruption is lower than the rated breaking current test duties, the breaking performance could be lower than the tests because the transient recovery voltage (TRV) after the current zero is relatively high. The capability of interruption is related to dielectric recovery after the arc quenching. Therefore, a complex analytical method is needed to secure the breaking performance for the current and to improve the performance by using the limited gas flow inside the interrupter parts. In this paper, it described the techniques to verify breaking performance such as hot gas flow analysis and dielectric analysis. And it has studied a method for improving the performance with various design parameters using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) programs and high power laboratory test. Finally, this paper shows us the improvement of dielectric recovery performance for the self-blast type circuit breaker.

The breakdown voltage during interruption of capacitive currents is defined by two physical quantities: the electric field and the gas density field, which are calculated in different calculation domains and using different mashes. In order to calculate the breakdown voltage, it is necessary to map these two mashes and calculate the ratio density/electric field in every calculation point. The straightforward solution is to pair each density cell with the nearest cell from the electric field mesh, based on their coordinates. Although this solution gives good results, it is very time consuming. Therefore, this paper presents a new approach for mapping of two meshes based on the algebra of fractal vector, so called Bosnian algebra. This approach does not search the meshes for the closest pair based on the coordinates of each point, but instead uses only the assigned cell indexes and simple fractal operations to determine the neighboring cells. This way, the search for the nearest pair is much more efficient and faster.

Superior characteristics of SF6 gas have enabled its successful use as the interruption media in high voltage circuit breakers. Unique combination of physical properties considers high dielectric strength, high thermal interruption capability and high heat transfer performance. However, having in mind its high global warming potential (GWP), long term use of SF6 gas in the future should be called into question. Considering that CO2 has much lower GWP than the SF6, it represents a promising alternative, but still with known inferior breaking performance. Therefore, careful investigation of the CO2 gas behavior should be obtained. In the present work, pressure rise in a high voltage circuit breaker during no-load operation has been simulated and measured for SF6 and CO2 gas, followed with the results comparison. For simulation of high voltage circuit breakers operation, computer program HV CB Simulation, which takes into consideration interaction between the interrupting unit and the driving mechanism is used. Thermodynamic properties of gases are calculated using highly accurate equations of state explicit in Helmholtz free energy.

Interruption of short circuit currents in high voltage circuit breakers requires high SF6 gas pressure, which can be generated by compression of SF6 gas and/or energy transfer from the arc. The pressure difference between circuit breaker chambers causes SF6 gas flow. The rise of pressure in the chambers is highly dependent on the design of the circuit breaker. This paper presents a universal approach to modeling of gas flow and pressure rise, which is based on a real gas model and implemented into computer software for high voltage circuit breaker interruption simulation. The approach allows simulation of SF6 and alternative media circuit breakers with any number of chambers and different types of valves and connections between chambers. The calculated pressure rise is validated by comparison with experimental measurement results from high power laboratory.

Recently, the self-blast principle of extinguishing the arc by the blast pressure which is generated by the arc itself has been widely applied to the high voltage circuit breaker. In the self-blast principle, the pressure relief valve fitted on the piston is opened to release excessive pressure in the compression volume during high current interruption. The design of the pressure relief valve operation is important for the performance of self-blast interrupter. Practically, the pressure relief valve is actuated by spring force and designed to open when the overpressure becomes greater than the designated operating pressure difference. In this paper, the actual pressure measurement result of the compression volume to understand the movement of the pressure relief valve are presented. The analytic model which describes the movement of the pressure relief valve are proposed, and the effects of different pressure relief valve models are analyzed by gas flow simulation tools.

High reliability of HV SF6 switchgear makes an internal arc fault an extremely rare event. However, its occurrence cannot be completely avoided, and therefore must be considered in the design process. Internal arc testing in SF6 is not recommended due to its harmful environmental impact, but if necessary, tests should be performed only inside special containers, that will prevent the release of SF6 into the atmosphere. Having in mind that tests in SF6 and air are not yet fully comparable, accurate modeling of pressure rise due to internal arc faults is still the main means to evaluate required design parameters of SF6 switchgear in respect of safety from internal arc faults. A simulation tool, which calculates the pressure rise due to an internal arc inside a metal-enclosed SF6 compartment, was developed and used in the design of a new HV GIS. The calculation procedure and obtained results were described and discussed. Validation of the tool was performed using experimental data from SF6 internal arc tests, dating back several decades ago, when internal arc tests in SF6 were not questionable as today.

Partial discharges, as their name states, only partially bridge a small portion of electrical insulation in the form of a tiny electrical arcs, which burn inside the defects that could appear in insulation system. Because of the fact that extruded cable system insulation is very sensitive on partial discharge activities detection vise, partial discharge measurements could be used as a powerful diagnostic tool in evaluating the actual condition of cable system through measuring procedures during after laying tests. If such procedures would be included in standards, they would provide an effective way to identify and detect the defects that might appear during the cable system installation and to forestall their appearance during exploitation, ultimately reducing the probability of failure. Very first aim of this paper is to address some shortcomings of current IEC standards related to analyses of cable systems with polymer insulation (IEC 60840 and IEC 62067). In order to justify these statements, a review of a recent alignment between IEC 60840 and IEC 62067, simulation support, using the contemporary software tool (COMSOL Mph), backed up with experimental results for two artificially induced defects in cable accessories, are provided in this paper.

In this paper, the impact of several 145 kV 40 kA GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear) circuit breaker design parameters, such as length of the main nozzle throat, contact travel and average opening speed, on the estimated breakdown voltage of the contact gap of an interrupter during capacitive current breaking is analyzed. A new approach for breakdown voltage estimation, which provides full correlation between all circuit breaker design parameters and dielectric characteristics of the contact gap and the criterion for breakdown occurrence, was used for this purpose. The estimated capacitive current breaking capability of the circuit breaker was verified by type testing in KEMA High Power Laboratory, the Netherlands.

Special attention needs to be given to the processes that occur in alternating current arcs at the instant when the current naturally passes through a zero. The short interval of time around current zero, named the "interaction period" [1], is of crucial importance for arc-quenching, when it is decided whether the interruption will be definite or whether arc reignition will occur. As a matter of fact, regardless of the SF6 circuit breaker working principle, its rated voltage and history of the short circuit current interruption process, there is a critical value of arc extinction voltage peak which must be reached to make a successful interruption possible [2]. The arc extinction voltage peak can be increased by elongating the arc (in other words by increasing the distance between arcing contacts) and/or by increasing the pressure of SF6 gas inside the thermal chamber around current zero instant. This means that it is possible to find a critical value of distance between arcing contacts and a critical value of SF6 gas pressure inside the thermal chamber at current zero instant as criteria for successful short circuit current interruption. Based on the results of type tests in high power laboratory (including current zero measurement - CZM) and the calculation results of the software HV CB Simulation, these criteria for short circuit current interruption are successfully established for a real SF6 circuit breaker 245 kV 40/50 kA.