AIM To evaluate differences in the treatment quality between often used oral anticoagulants, warfarin and acenocoumarol in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). METHODS This was an observational, comparative, one-year clinical study, conducted in the Blood Transfusion Institute of Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herzegovina. All patients who were using warfarin/ acenocoumarol and monitored were eligible. Patients who met inclusion criteria (the age of 40-80, diagnosed NVAF, CHADS index score > or = 2, the planned long-term treatment) were includes in two parallel groups of 60 patients, composed according to the warfarin/acenocoumarol treatment as well as the gender and age. Routinely measured International normalised ratio (INR) values were the basic parameter for individual quality and stability assessment. RESULTS All average, monthly INR values were in therapeutic range (2.0-3.0) in both therapeutic groups. There were no significant differences either in the number of therapeutic INR values per patient (50.53 +/- 23.72% vs. 51.74 +/- 26.68%, P = 0.795) or in individual quality of treatment: > 50% therapeutic INR values (60.0% vs. 64.9%, P = 0.721) and > 75% therapeutic INR values (18.3% vs. 22.8%, P = 0.714) in the warfarin and acenocoumarol group, respectively. Significantly better stability was determined for acenocoumarol as compared with warfarin treatment in terms of a longer period of the total observed time during which therapeutic INR values were stable (37.6% vs. 35.7%, P = 0.0002). CONCLUSION Both drugs have shown similar quality of individual anticoagulation control, but acenocoumarol have shown significantly better anticoagulation stability with therapeutic INR values covering significantly longer time of treatment.

Alpha lipoic acid is important intramolecular redox system. It is coenzyme of piruvate dehydrogenase and ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Alpha lipoic acid has enzymatic and cytoprotective effect. It has key role in citric acid cycle, as a coenzyme. Therapeutic efficacy of alpha lipoic acid in diabetic neuropathy is based on reaction with free radicals and lipophylic antioxydans properties. Clinical studies results showed efficacy and safety of alpha liponic acid application in patients with diabetic neuropathy.

Experimental studies of burns require the use of different animal models. The aim of this work was to establish experimental model of thermal injuries and to evaluate the effects of topical agents on healing of the burn wounds. Forty female Wistar rats were randomly classified in 4 groups and isolated for 2 weeks before the onset of experiment. Animals were primarily anaesthetized with pentobarbital-sodium and then shaved (skin area of their back with diameters 5 cm x 5 cm). A round metal stamp with contact area of 5 cm2 and total weight of 100 g was heated up to 80 degrees C and then applied without additional pressure on the depilated skin of the back for 14 seconds. This procedure produced a standardized burn wound. Induced burn wounds were immediately drowned in the 4 degrees C- water for 3 s in order to maintain microcirculation. After the inducement of thermal injures, all rats were treated with 1% silver sulfadiazine cream, herbal topical preparations or were not treated at all. Burn wounds were treated twice a day until the healing completion. The result of treatment application was a significant reduction of burn wound diameters. Herbal topical preparations expressed positive therapeutic effects on the parameters of burn wounds. The efficiency of silver sulfadiazine cream in burn wound healing was significantly more expressed in comparison to healing process in control group of animals (p < or = 0,001). We conclude that herbal topical preparations efficiently caused the completion of burn wound healing process without scar formation.

In this paper we have reviewed the position of desmopressin in the treatment of diabetes insipidus. Desmopressin is a synthetic analog of vasopressin, with more pronounced antidiuretic effect. It is treatment of choice in substitution therapy of diabetes insipidus. Its application before sleeping time can reduce nocturnal enuresis, so it has a place in the treatment of enuresis nocturna. Antidiuretic effect of desmopressin is the result of agonistic effect on V2 receptors in the renal tubules. The efficacy and safety of desmopressin in mentioned indications was confirmed in clinical studies.

Respiratory, gastrointestinal and skin diseases represent the most common diseases in infants and young children. Causal factors of these diseases are important infectious agents and causes of pathological conditions in children, but they are also very important for their parents, as well as for people in their close environment. Greater incidence of infections in infants and young children can be explained in different ways. A cause can be insufficient maturity of their immune system, but also their exposure to infections within collective accommodations (cribs, nurseries, pre-school institutions), where they are, at the same time, exposed to a number of unknown agents. Today, a great emphasis is devoted to the ways and kinds of children's nutrition. The problem of relation between infected young organism and infectious agent itself, is also reflected in a long resistance and excretion of microorganisms in their exterior environment. It is well-known that microorganisms resist and excrete much longer in younger organisms, compared to adults, where their resistance and excretion is much shorter or very rare. Actually, adults have already formed protective immunity against particular infectious agents. It doesn't prevent infections in adults, colonization of pathogens, nor eventual development of disease. Established immunity can shorten the time necessary for excretion of microorganisms in their exterior environment and, if disease gets developed, it is of shorter duration and slower progress.

Enfuvirtide is a new class of antiviral drug, fusion inhibitors, which interferate with penetration of HIV-1 in the cells. Enfuvirtide exhibits potent and selective inhibition of membrane of viral and cells. It specifically inhibits the function of the gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein of HIV-1. Enfurvitide showed significantly efficacy in the combination with other antiviral drugs in early stadium of HIV infection and in patients with antiretroviral resistention. Local injection site reactions are the most common adverse events associated with enfurvitide. However, the need for subcutaneous application of enfurvitide is a distinct disadvantage, especially in patients who are already burdened by complex oral therapy.

Basiliximab is a chimeric anti-intcrleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody. Basiliximab is a glycoprotein produced by recombinant technology. It is used to prevent white blood cells from acute renal transplantation rejection. It specifically binds to and blocks the alpha chain of interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R alpha), also known as CD25 antigen, on the surface of activated T-lymphocytes. Due to its monoclonal nature it provides safer and more predictable therapeutic, that is, immunosuppressive response of the polyclonal antibodies. The most common adverse effects in adult patients are constipation, infections, pain, nausea, peripheral oedema, hypertension, anaemia, headache, hyperkalacmia, hypercholesterolemia, increase in serum creatinine, and hypophosphataemia.

Experimental studies of burns require the use of different animal models with the aim to imitate and reproduce pathophysiological conditions. The aim of this work was to establish experimental model of thermal injury. New Zealand rabbits, weighted from 1.8 kg to 2.3 kg, were utilised during our study. Another, also utilized, animal types were laboratory Rattus rats, species Wistar, albino type, females with body weight of about 232 g. All animals were from our own litter (Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine in Sarajevo). During the experiment, animal were properly situated in adequate cages and rooms, at the controlled temperature (22 +/- 2 degrees C), and in the air with normal humidity level. All animals took food and water ad libitum. Rabbits received anesthesia--intravenous pentobarbital sodium in a dose of 60 mg/kg, and then, hair from the upper side of the each rabbit ear was removed and burns were caused by a metal seal in the same manner as in rats. Rats were primarily anesthesied by intraperitoneal pentobarbital sodium in a dose of 35 mg/kg, and then, their hair was removed from the scapula zone (5 cm x 5 cm). Burns were caused by contact with a round metal seal, heated at 80 degrees C in a water bath, during the period of 14 seconds together with contact thermometer control. Round metal seal (radius: 2.5 cm; weight: 100 g; surface: 5 cm2) was just placed on the rat skin without any additional pressure. In order to maintain the microcirculation in the burn wound and to reduce the conversion of partial-thickness skin burns to the burns of the full-thickness skin, all burn wounds were immediately sunk in the 4 degrees C water. Subsequent to that procedure, all animals were individually situated in the proper cages, and left to rest for 4 hours with a constant cautious monitoring of the wound development and animal general state.

Panic disorder (PD) is an acute psychobiologic reaction manifested by intense anxiety and panic attacks, that occur unpredictably with subjective sense of intense apprehension or terror, accompanied by temporary loss of the ability to plan, think, or reason and the intense desire to escape or flee the situation. Panic attacks may last from a few seconds to an hour or longer. Symptoms typically include, among others, palpitations, tachycardia, hypertension, chest pain, dyspnoea, and fear of loosing control or going crazy and vague feeling of imminent doom or death. Since pharmacotherapy of PD includes the administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants, the objective of this study was to perform a pilot double blind clinical trial designed to compare the effects of two studied drugs in the treatment of PD. A total number of 40 patients with a history of panic disorder were randomly assigned into two groups of 20 patients each. Hamilton anxiety rating scale and Standard Psychiatric Interview were methods for PD assessment. One group was treated with clomipramine hydrochloride (ANAFRANIL) 75 mg/day and the other with fluoxetine (OXETIN) 60 mg/day. Both drugs were administrated by mouth (PO) two times-a-day in equally divided doses for 6 weeks. Both studied agents produced similar antipanic effectiveness. Favourable response was achieved in 95% of patients treated with fluoxetine and 90% of patients treated with clomipramine. The onset of antipanic effects was quicker in all clomipramine treated patients, while fluoxetine produced more-favourable response in male patients. The duration of treatment with both antidepressants studied should be at least 10 weeks, instead of 6 weeks.

Glimepiride is the oral antidiabetic, second-generation sulfonylurea. It is structurally similar to glyburide. Glimepiride exhibited more potent glucose-lowering effects than glyburide and longer duration of hypoglycemic effect. Glimepiride is useful in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus. Glimepiride is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Glimepiride reduces glucose levels blood by stimulating insulin release from functional pancreatic beta cells in response to glucose. Glimepiride in daily dose 1 to 8 mg is causing a dose-related decrease blood glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin fasting state and postprandially. If the maximum dose of glimepiride fails to lower blood glucose sufficiently, metformine or insuline may be added to glimepiride monotherapy. Glimepiride is very safe drug and adverse effects causing by glimepiride are very rare. The risk of hypoglycemia after use of glimepiride is very small, therefore is the therapy with glimepiride is more preferable than the therapy with glibenclamide.

Depression is among the most common of chronic health problems. WHO report predicts that depression will be the leading cause of disability in the industrial world by the year 2020. To be successful, treatment for the patients suffering from depression must be continued until complete recovery, but most patients do not stay on their antidepressant medication long enough. One of the most frequent reasons for break down is appearance of unpleasant side effects. In this study we followed up dynamics of the characteristic side effects of antidepressant therapy, with the major goal to assess their frequency and characteristics. The sample was all female patients taking antidepressant drugs in the Department of Psychiatry of Clinical Centre of University in Sarajevo. The treatment with antidepressants was efficient in most of the patients. A major advantage of SSRI over TCA was less pronounced side effects. The most intensive side effects of TCA (amitriptyline) were dry mouth, tremor and tachycardia while the most frequent side effects included blurred vision, tachycardia, dry mouth, tremor and sedation. Side effects of SSRI (fluoxetine/fluvoxamine) were mild, and the most frequent were nausea, tachycardia, swelling, dry mouth.

Hexetidine is very safe oral antiseptic with broad antibacterial and antifungal activity in vivo and in vitro. It has local-anesthetics, astringent and deodorant activity. Also, it has very strong antiplac effects. Resistention of microorganisms on hexetidine is short and transient. These characteristics give important therapeutic role in treatment of oral infections.

Q-Fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetti. C. burnetti is an obligate intracellular parasite. It lives in phagolysosome of the host cell. By its infection of the sensitive persons develops the acute noncharacteristic disease, which passes noncharacteristically, with the appearance of higher temperature, headache, fever, weakness of the organism or by the appearance of symptoms of the undifferentiated infection of the upper parties of the respiratory system. In the course of the infection is being developed the intersticial pneumonia, what is the reason of the infected hospitalization. Most often get sick the sheep, cows and goats, what showed also on our examined sample. In most animals the symptoms of this bacterial infection are not present, pass unobviously, and get turned out during their gravidity. The most important carriers of the causes of this disease on the domestic or wild animals are artropodes, in which within the kind is possible also the transvatial and transstadial transfer. The wild animals transfer the disease at the domestic ones, and people most often are infected by contact with these animals, their consuming of meat or milk or by contact with their secretions. Though, the most important way of getting infected of people is aerosol contaminated by the carrier as these bacteria for a long get kept in the contaminated dust, wool, animal skin, fur, straw and the excretions of the infected animals. In the illusorilly healthy and pregnant animals the bacteria are to be found in the fertile water, chorions, and placenta, that is C. burnetti becomes the cause of the premature birth or abortion in these animals. In this way comes to the bacterial contamination of the environment of the animal itself. The diagnosis of Q.-Fever is complement fixation test, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFT) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA).