This article examines the ways in which the media in Bosnia and Herzegovina in times of crisis relate to the already existing social polarization and the ways in which they further strengthen it. Theories of social polarization were used, with a special emphasis on interpretive polarization, in which the media play a crucial role. The focus of the research is reporting on the Ukrainian crisis, in order to consider the patterns that have developed in media reporting, especially when it comes to different approaches in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska. The research is based on the method of content analysis and in-depth structured interviews with journalists, editors and political analysts. The sample consists of the 7 most read web portals from BiH: 4 from the Federation of BiH and 3 from the RS, and the corpus totals 50 texts. A search used the keywords: Ukraine, Russia, aggression, attack, invasion, war, and the analyzed period is seven days from the beginning of the attack on Ukraine (from February 24, 2022) and seven days from the date of the first anniversary of the attack on Ukraine (from February 24 .2023). Indicators for analysis are: how the media decide what is newsworthy, how the media choose sources, how the media verify information and how the media shape the story (with special reference to how they shape it in relation to the agenda they set and the public opinion they shape). The goal is to question how much the Ukrainian crisis was used by the media to further polarize B&H society, and the general conclusion is that media reporting only partially fulfills the key roles of providing comprehensive, clear information, contextualizing events and educating the public. The interpretation of the events is selective and in accordance with the dominant narratives and, as such, does not contribute to a complete understanding of the events, and even less to a high-quality social dialogue. As a post-conflict society, Bosnia and Herzegovina should have a much greater sensitivity to the events in Ukraine, and the media should approach this topic with much more attention, responsibility and public interest. This applies equally to the quantity and quality of information available to citizens.

Donald Trump's term as President of the United States was marked by, among others: nationalism, populism, rejection of democracy, political arbitrariness, exclusivity towards racial and national minorities, xenophobia expressed towards immigrants, but also close (Mexicans) and distant peoples (Chinese), forcing divisions in American society, misogyny, spreading misinformation in all spheres and especially during the pandemic, belittling the attitude towards intellectuals, and especially constantlycalling out and insulting journalists. Injustice towards media houses and journalists did not stop during the entire term of Donald Trump, who called them 'fake news media' and 'enemy of the people, thus turning the public against them and creating big problems for them, which resulted in open violence during police protests. the assassination of African-American George Floyd, but also in the attack on Capitol Hill. All of these terms, along with some other features of his rule in domestic and foreign policy, are encompassed by a common denominator called ‘trumpism’. Although he was defeated in 2020 presidential election, his legacy remained significantly present in American society, but also outside it - on the American and Asian continents, but also in Europe, and especially in the Balkans. Using qualitative content analysis and comparative analysis of Donald Trump's communication model, especially in his relationship with political opponents, media houses and journalists, and the communication model of Balkan politicians, this paper deals with information and communication matrices that have been very successfully accepted and perfected by some politicians. Balkans through a special review of the spread of 'information disorder' in its three manifestations - misinformation, misinformation, and misinformation.

In this article the subjects of discussion are importance and role of media literacy in the modern society. Te authors gave us a short review of the activities in the feld of media literacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, importance of media literacy and the role of lifelong learning centres for the development of this concept. Media scene in B&H is extremely complex and the citizens are exposed to different contents of numerous media,74 Belma Buljubašić, Lejla Turčilo which also includes propaganda activities, fake news, disinformation, etc. In education policies in B&H the signifcance of this concept has not been recognised, and the students do not study media and information literacy in the process of formal education. Furthermore, media literacy for adults is neither being considered nor developed, hence the authors suggest that the lifelong learning centres could (and should) be the places where the aspects of media literacy are tackled through short-term and long-term training programmes.

Introduction Bosnia-Herzegovina and the European Union: where do we stand? In March 2000 Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH) received a Road Map with 18 key conditions that needed to be fulfilled in order to develop a feasibility study necessary for the start of the Agreement of Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) in December 2002. In October 2005 the European Commission announced that the Road Map conditions had been fulfilled. The Commission recommended the opening of negotiations on the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) after BiH had fulfilled 16 of the conditions. The official negotiations started on November 25 2005. The SAA was finally signed on June 16 2008 in Luxembourg. The main goal of the SAA is the accession of Bosnia-Herzegovina to the EU in a period of six to ten years. In 2008 the process the visa liberalisation started and since December 2010 citizens of BiH can travel without visas to all Schengen states. As a precondition for this, the BiH government had to fulfil 174 technical conditions, the main condition being the introduction of biometric passports.

In 21st century the orientation of users to media (printed, electronic and online) reached the level where we can say that one of the key competencies of modern human is the ability to master media-mediated information. It is competence of selecting the appropriate amount of useful (and usable) information and its incorporation into the existing knowledge-system of users (which is the operating system in their everyday life). Therefore, in modern communication and information science more attention is paid to media literacy as a concept of tansformation of media-mediated cognition to knowledge. This paper deals with the concept of media literacy by placing in the context of lifelong learning and it highlights the competence of mastering the media, as one of the key mechanisms of protection against negative effects of media, but also increasing the usability of media effects by the user.