The combination of electrochemical, surface, and spectroscopic techniques revealed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm accelerated corrosion of 304 stainless steel (SS), leading to localized pitting with depths up to 3.75 μm. Such damage did not occur on 304 SS treated with P. aeruginosa in the presence of Artemisia annua L. extract, or in sterile seawater. Introducing A. annua into biotic seawater hindered biofilm development and prevented the formation of porous Fe(III) corrosion products. Instead, a compact Fe3O4 layer formed, indicating a shift in corrosion product morphology and stability. ATR-FTIR analysis confirmed phenolic groups from the extract were adsorbed onto the steel interface, supporting the dual inhibitory role of A. annua through both surface modification and antimicrobial action. A. annua extract demonstrated a 74.4 ± 4.4% reduction in MIC-induced corrosion of 304 SS in marine conditions.

The cyclic voltammogram recorded in the potential range between 0 V and 800 mV with scan rate of 100 mV s −1 was used to determine the measure of antioxidants content (antioxidant capacity) present in Sambucus nigra L. extract. The antioxidant capacity of the extract was 4.06 mg GAE g −1 fw (mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of fresh weight of the extract). The corrosion inhibition efficiency of Sambucus nigra L. extract on aluminium, copper, and bronze in 3 % NaCl solution was studied by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Polarization data showed that extract acted as a mixed-type inhibitor, that the corrosion inhibition process was spontaneous physical adsorption (Δ G ≈ –16 kJ mol –1 ) of the extract molecules on metals surfaces and followed Freundlich isotherm. Impedance spectroscopy studies revealed that increasing the concentration of extract reduced the double-layer capacitance and increased the charge transfer resistance. The highest inhibition efficiencies (Cu: ~ 57 %, CuSn14: ~74 % and Al: ~58 %) were achieved for an extract concentration of 1.0 g L –1 .

The protective effect of A. annua against microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of A36 steel caused by P. aeruginosa (PA) in a simulated marine environment was investigated using electrochemical, spectroscopic, and surface techniques. PA was found to accelerate the local dissolution of A36 which led to the formation of a porous α-FeOOH and γ-FeOOH surface layer. 2D and 3D profiles of treated coupons, obtained by optical profilometer, revealed the formation of crevices in the presence of PA. On the contrary, adding A. annua to the biotic medium led to the formation of a thinner, more uniform surface without significant damage. Electrochemical data showed that the addition of A. annua prevented the MIC of A36 steel with an inhibition efficiency of 60%. The protective effect was attributed to the formation of a more compact Fe3O4 surface layer, as well as the adsorption of phenolics, such as caffeic acid and its derivatives on the A36 steel surfaces, as detected by FTIR and SEM-EDS analysis. ICP-OES confirmed that Fe and Cr species more readily diffuse from A36 steel surfaces incubated in biotic media (Fe; 1516.35 ± 7.94 μg L-1 cm-2, Cr; 11.77 ± 0.40 μg L-1 cm-2) compared to the inhibited media (Fe; 35.01 ± 0.28 μg L-1 cm-2, Cr; 1.58 ± 0.01 μg L-1 cm-2).

Plant extracts are increasingly being examined in the corrosion inhibition of metal and alloys in various environments due to their potent antioxidant properties. The use of Artemisia annua L. aqueous extract (AAE) as an aluminium alloy 5083 (ALA) corrosion inhibitor in artificial seawater (ASW) was investigated using electrochemical tests and spectroscopy tools, while the active biocompounds found in AAE were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Electrochemical results showed that AAE acts as an anodic inhibitor through the physisorption (ΔG ≈ –16.33 kJ mol−1) of extract molecules on the ALA surface, thus reducing the active sites for the dissolution of the alloy in ASW. Fourier-transform infrared spectra confirmed that phenolic acids found in AAE formed the surface layer that protects ALA against the corrosive marine environment, while HPLC analysis confirmed that the main phytoconstituents of AAE were chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. The inhibition action of phenolic acids and their derivatives found in the AAE was based on the physisorption of caffeic acid on the ALA surface, which improved physicochemical properties of the barrier film and/or conversion of Al3+ to elemental aluminium by phenolic acids as reducens, which slowed down the diffusion rate of Al3+ to or from the ALA surfaces. The protective effect of the surface layer formed in the presence of AAE against ASW was also confirmed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) whereby the measured concentration of Al ions after 1 h of immersion of ALA in the pure ASW was 15.30 μg L−1 cm−2, while after the addition of 1 g L−1 AAE, the concentration was 3.09 μg L−1 cm−2.

Milk is a product of the mammary gland obtained by proper and regular milking of healthy, properly fed cows, sheep, goats, without adding or taking anything away.This paper describes modern methods used for milk analysis and their working principle. 30 samples of raw milk were collectedas follows: 10 samples of cow, 10 samples of goat and 10 samples of sheep raw milk.The obtained results of raw milk quality parameters were processed, analyzed and compared with the maximum permissible concentrations prescribed by the Ordinance on raw milk.The work was written by the method of prospective study (experimental research). Milk testing was conducted during the period from 1 March 2020 to May 1, 2020.Samples were collected from primary producers of raw milk from the territory of Canton 10 in the manner prescribed by the Regulation on the method of sampling milk. They were transported and analysed in the Laboratory for Quality and Microbiology of Raw Milk - Department of Food and Veterinary Medicine of Canton 10.During this period, tests of raw milk were performed on the MilkoScan 7 device , a milk analyzer that works on the principle of close infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform.