386 Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication © Copyright: All rights reserved. Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijeat.E28430610521 DOI:10.35940/ijeat.E2843.0610521 Journal Website: www.ijeat.org Abstract: Humans are generally exposed to a variety of pollutions present in the air they breathe, the food they eat or in the water they drink. Some of the most dangerous pollutions are metals and heavy metals. These are naturally occurring substances which are harmless when present in the environment at low levels. However, due to many pollutants such as industry processes or war activities, the heavy metal concentration can exceed the limit of tolerance and become very toxic for the natural environment and living organisms in it, including humans. Unlike organic pollutants, the heavy metals (as ions and as particulate matter) once introduced into the environment cannot be biodegraded and remain there indefinitely. By rainfall these pollutants can be partially transferred from air or soil into the rivers and drinking water sources, where they accumulate in even higher toxic levels. The high concentrations of heavy metals in contaminated natural water reservoirs have an impact on the microbial community composition which resides there. This type of water pollution can cause the changes in life cycles of natural bacterial populations, influencing their metabolic processes and proliferation. The presence of pathogens in water is normally indirectly determined by the testing for “indicator organism” such as coliform bacteria. Coliforms are usually present in larger numbers in contaminated water and at the same time they are indicators of whether other pathogenic bacteria are present, too. In crisis situations, like war or some natural disasters, where trusted sources of drinking water are not available anymore, the military and residents of affected areas are forced to use some alternative water resources that cannot be tested for their microbial or metal contamination properly. Therefore, the existence of some fast test that would detect not only dangerous bacterial pathogens in water, but also the presence of metals and heavy metals as well, would be of great help and importance for the human health. Even though the number of pathogens can be drastically reduced by the boiling of water, the heavy metals are not destroyed by high temperature. Hence the main objective of our work was to optimize the biosensor chip for microbial detection in contaminated water that would serve at the same time as an indicator for the chemical composition of the water,

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of one of the most important foliar diseases, powdery mildew, on the leaf physiological traits of Quercus robur L. using chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters in combination with parameters of leaf gas exchange. For this purpose, greenhouse semi-controlled experiment was conducted with 25 one-year-old seedlings kept in optimal conditions, and the same number of seedlings infected with the mentioned pathogen. Measurements were carried out when the coverage of epiphytic micelia visually reached more than 75% of the surface of leaves in the infected seedlings. The results of gas exchange measurement showed that Erysiphe alphitoides (Griffon and Maubl.) U. Braun and S. Takam caused a significant reduction of net photosynthesis (A) and a significant increase in substomatal CO2 concentration (Ci). Furthermore, considering the fast kinetics of chlorophyll a fluorescence, all of the observes parameters were significantly affected by oak powdery mildew. On the other hand, pulse amplitude modulated fluorescence parameters were mildly affected, with only minimal (Fo?) and maximal (Fm?) fluorescence of dark adopted leaves showing significant difference. This study presented the possibility of usage and the effectiveness of chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters in detection the severe stress conditions, on the example of leaves infected with oak powdery mildew over 75%. Some additional studies should be conducted in the future to determine the possibility of usage and the effectiveness of the observed fluorescence parameters of fast kinetics in detection of mild and early stress.