Introduction: Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is a form of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on measuring the random Brownian motion of water molecules within a tissue. The aim of this study was to show the significance of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in differentiating pancreatic cystic formations from normal pancreatic parenchyma using MRI 1.5 T.Methods: A total of 52 patients were included in the study (25 with pancreatic cystic formations and 27 with normal MRI findings of the pancreas). DWI technique was used with b values of 0.500 and 1 000 mm2/s at 1.5 T. The signal intensity was measured, as well as apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Visual estimation of the signal intensity of detected cystic lesions was performed and compared to the normal appearance of pancreas.Results: The highest signal intensity of the cystic lesions with hyper-signal was observed with DWI b0 value in the pancreatic head (M 185.1 ± 47.205, p 0.05.Conclusions: Differences in signal intensity and ADC values have an important diagnostic value in differentiating the cystic formations from normal pancreatic parenchyma in MRI examination.

Ultrasound device, essentially, consists of a transducer, transmitter pulse generator, compensating amplifiers, the control unit for focusing, digital processors and systems for display. It is used in cases of: abdominal, cardiac, maternity, gynecological, urological and cerebrovascular examination, breast examination, and small pieces of tissue as well as in pediatric and operational review.

Ultrasound devices and methodologies have been continuously evolving and becoming more important as tools in diagnostic medicine. Recently a new ultrasound diagnostic technique has been developed. Named sonoelastography, the technique enables evaluation of tissue elasticity and is based on differences in stiffness (hardness, compressibility, elasticity) of pathological changes and normal adjacent tissue. Sonoelastography (SE) is also known as Real-time tissue elastography (RTE), Real-time sonoelastography (RTSE), Tissue type imaging (TTI) and Ultrasound Strain Imaging Technology. It has been found useful in many medicine � elds and adopted readily by clinicians of different specialties. It gives more information than conventional ultrasound in evaluation of tumors, liver disease, skeletal muscles, rheumatoid nodules and other pathological changes. This review covers the basics of elastography, its applications, instruments, techniques, the scoring system and the indications for elastography. © 2011 University of Sarajevo Faculty of Health Studies

INTRODUCTION Radical retropubic prostatectomy is a therapeutic option for treatment of localized prostate cancer. The goal of radical prostatectomy is to completely remove the tumor while preserving erectile function and urinary continence as well as factors that determine the postoperative quality of life. There are many factors influencing sexual function after radical prostatectomy of localized prostate cancer. All factors can be divided into the preoperative, postoperative and intraoperative. In this paper we examine the significance of individual factors affecting erectile dysfunction following surgical treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 36 patients who underwent nerve sparing radical prostatectomy at the Urology Clinic, Clinical Center of Sarajevo University in period from January 2009 until December 2010. RESULTS Out of 84 patients tested, radical retropubic prostatectomy with the reservation of neurovascular bundles was performed in 36 patients (42.8%). Of this number, both of the neurovascular bundles were preserved in 28 patients (77.7%) and one in 8 patients (22.2%). CONCLUSION The positive predictive factor for erectile function after radical retropubic prostatectomy is the preoperative sexual function, younger age, preservation of both neurovascular bundles and early rehabilitation therapy.

Patients with eye problems are often present in family medicine and emergency wards, whether it is isolated disturbances of vision, or as part of other diseases. A large number of pathological entities of the eye require prompt and accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapy before they get to specialized ophthalmological institutions. Ultrasonography of the eye is a simple, non-invasive, painless method that can be done at the first contact with patients and can provide very important information for accurate diagnosis of pathological changes. Early detection of retinal ablation, intra ocular bleeding and tumors by this method can save sight and lives of patients. Sonography of the eye in 667 patients over two years revealed 27 retinal ablation and hemophthalmos in 36 patients. Every fifth patient with retinal ablation was referred by a doctor of family medicine. Knowing the possibilities of ultrasonography in ophthalmology, teamwork at the level of primary health care can open access to ultrasonography of the eye for other specialty physicians which can improve population health and provide a new quality in the prevention of vision loss.

The second half of twentieth century is characterized by development of many digital methods in medical diagnostics, such as ultrasound. Each one of them (US, CT, MRI, DSA, termovision, nuclear medicine) has its advantages and limits, which resulted with their multidependencies. Continuous technical advancements improved diagnostically quality of methods mentioned above. Since 1950th many innovations resulted in diagnostical improvements of ultrasound: B-mode, Doppler and 3D modality, harmonic imagining and contrast. In last couple of years, big improvement was brought by introduction of sonoelastography, which is used for precise identification of character of pathoanatomical changes, as well as their stages.

As is well known, surgical treatment is the most effective therapy for non-small cell lung cancer, although only a small number of patients are suitable for this type of treatment (25%-30%). The outcome of operative treatment and prognosis greatly depends on accurate preoperative diagnostic process using the TNM classification. Until now, different diagnostic methods are used in the preoperative staging of this severe illness, including computer assisted tomography which acquired a leading role. Despite its high value as a method of assessing the operability of lung cancer, there is a smaller percentage of diagnostic oversights where the stage was under or over-estimated and where discrepancy between CT and operative findings was present. Prospective study was conducted on 60 patients with lung cancer in the period from December 2000 to December 2007. Among our respondents there were more males (6.5:1), average age was 56; the youngest patient was 32 and the oldest 70 years old. All patients underwent complete pulmonary and bronchial CT examination and then were subjected to one of the surgeries (28 lobectomies, 15 pneumectomy and 17 exploration thoracotomy) with pathohistological verification of findings. CT and postoperative lung cancer results were compared and statistically processed using the usual statistical methods. The results show that CT as a method in the preoperative clinical evaluation of patients with lung cancer is very useful because of its high diagnostic accuracy in determination of TNM stages of disease (83.33% accuracy, sensitivity 76.40%, specificity 93.00%, PPV 90.90% and 81.25% NPV). CT of thoracic organs still remains irreplaceable method in everyday clinical treatment of patients with lung cancer.

Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) is an infectious illness, caused by the Bartonella henselae bacterium. Besides the common infective symptoms, swelling in the axillary and cervical region is very common and is usually evaluated by Color Doppler US (CDUS) (among other diagnostic methods). The aim of this work is to present ultrasound findings of the Cat Scratch Disease. During 2002 and 2003, we followed four patients (three male and one female) by CDUS, with different manifestations of the disease. The average age of the patients was 12. In all four cases, the local and generalized lymphadenopathy was found, and in two cases we found multiple focal hepatolienal lesions as well. The enlarged lymph nodes were found, with heterogeneous echogenicity of the cortex, and increased number of the hiluses, disturbed vascular structure and non specific hemodynamic. Hepatolienal lesions were hypoechogenic, round, unclear outline, and poorly vascularised. CDUS has proved to be a very sensitive imaging method in detection of pathomorphologic and hemodynamic changes of superficial lymph nodes and focal lesions of visceral organs in CSD. Opposite to the high sensitivity, its specificity is much lower, because of similar findings in lymphoma, TB lymphadenopathy and multiple visceral abscesses. Detailed anamnesis, clinical findings, with laboratory and specific serological tests (IgG, IgM), US characteristics, sometimes percutaneous aspiration biopsy as well, are crucial in determination of etiology of the disease.

The field of diagnostic radiology continues to evolve, particularly in refinements to crosssectional techniques. Imaging of the urinary tract, as a result, has become more precise, with new digital procedures offering a great selection of options, and new imaging algorithms being implemented. Ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide higher soft-tissue contrast resolution than conventional radiography, as well as multiplanar imaging capability, resulting in significant advances in almost all areas of uroradiology. While such advances have produced new algorithms to approach the diagnostic imaging evaluation, each particular case also depends greatly on the equipment and professional available. In summary, ever changing uroradiology remains indispensable in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with urologic disorders. We discuss the digital imaging techniques used in uroradiology, with summaries of the advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques, and will end with a discussion comparing different Doppler imaging methods.

Infertility is a term with which we define lack of pregnancy among sexual partners within one year of regular intercourses without use of contraceptives. The term primary infertility includes lack of any previous pregnancy, while secondary infertility is a current infertility with previous successful pregnancy. Azoospermia is an inability to produce spermatozoids in testicles or represents normal production of the spermatozoids but the obstacle is somewhere in the ejaculatory paths. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) provides us with the quality and most reliable data about the urinary bladder, prostate gland. Seminiferous tubule and ejaculatory ducts. The goal of this paper is to determine the role of TRUS in patients with azoospermia, in one significant sample of infertile respondents. During 2005 and 2006, among 35 patients with verified azoospermia, and which were involved in determination of infertility cause, also TRUS was performed as a mode of ultrasound diagnostic procedure. Average age of the patients was 35 years. Evaluation is done with use of ultrasound equipment HDI 4000-PHILIPS, with Color Doppler equipped with the transrectal ,biplane" probe of high frequency 9.5 MHz. There was 10 (29%) normal findings (29%), and 25 (71%) pathological. Also there was 8 (23%) dilatated vesicles, 6 (17%) wide ejaculatory ducts, 5 (13%) calcifications in vesicles. Atrophy and hypotrophy of vesicles was present in 3 (9%) cases and 3 (9%) central prostate cysts. TRUS is a useful diagnostic method in evaluation of seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts and prostate gland abnormalities. These abnormalities can cause azoospermia as the most important cause of infertility.