This work sets out the methodology and presents the calculation results of the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere of the BelAz dump truck at the Open Pit "Turija" BCM Banovići d.d., based on the fuel consumption monitoring data. Properly determined fuel consumption enables the calculation of the amount of carbon dioxide emitted and preventive measures, as well as the choice of its reduction strategy. Data collection took six months, then the data were analyzed, and thus the results were given for all dump trucks by months. Key words: fuel, open pit mining, BelAz dump truck, maintenance, Coal Mine Banovići, carbon dioxide

Simple Summary This study examined the skull characteristics of Holstein and Simmental cattle to provide reference values for future research. We collected 54 skulls of young male cattle from Turkey to conduct 27 measurements and calculate eight indices. Holstein skulls tended to be longer, though not markedly, but they exhibited notably longer nasal bones and shorter skull lengths. Holsteins also had wider faces. A statistical analysis showed that overall size differences did not separate the breeds, but certain skull features did. Simmental skulls had higher basal index values and wider occipital regions, likely due to their larger skull size and weight, which provides more space for muscle attachment. Holsteins had more oval-shaped eye sockets, while Simmentals had wider, rounder ones. These findings help identify breed-specific traits and offer insights into how each breed’s skull structure supports their functions. This knowledge is valuable for breeding and conservation, and future research should look into the genetic and environmental factors influencing these traits. Abstract This study aimed to reveal the morphological characteristics of pure Holstein and Simmental skulls and to obtain reference values for morphometric analysis. Moreover, 54 skulls from 12- to 14-month-old male Holstein (n = 25) and Simmental (n = 29) cattle were collected from Turkey’s Southeastern Anatolia Region between 2023 and 2024. Linear measurements indicated that Holsteins had longer skulls compared to Simmentals. Holsteins exhibited significantly higher values for the greatest length of nasals and the shortest skull length. The facial breadth was wider in Holsteins and statistically distinctive between the breeds. Holsteins had a more oval orbital bony roof, while Simmentals exhibited a wider orbital structure. The orbital index was higher in Holsteins, distinguishing between the two breeds. It was observed that Simmental cattle had a wider occipital region. This difference is likely due to the larger lateral appearance of the Simmental skull, which has more body weight and provides a larger surface area for muscle attachment. These differences not only aid in breed identification but also offer insights into the functional adaptations of each breed. Future research should explore the genetic and environmental factors contributing to these morphological traits, further enriching our knowledge of cattle morphology and its implications for breeding and conservation efforts.

Background: The Harderian gland in domestic birds is a major paraocular excretory gland that has an important role in tear production as well as in the immune protection of the conjunctiva surface. Aim: The aim of this research was to investigate the arterial and venous supply of the gland in hens and provide valuable and useful information for future research. Methods: The research was conducted on 26 adult hens, provenience of Lohmann Brown. For the identification and determination of blood vessels, we used the vascular corrosion cast technique in conjunction with the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results: The casts showed that the gland receives the arterial supply via branches of a. ophthalmotemporalis and a. nasalis communis and these arteries are accompanied by the corresponding veins. Ultrastructural analyses showed the presence of fenestrated capillaries, which indicates the possibility for permeability of larger molecules. Conclusion: The present research gives important and detailed information about the arterial and venous supply of the Harderian gland in hens that may serve as guidelines for future vascular and morphological investigations.

This paper is based on the analysis of the relationship between early education, mathematical skills, and student achievement in Bosnia & Herzegovina, using data from the trends in international mathematics and science study (TIMSS) 2019. The study involves 5,628 fourth-grade students whose average age was 10.1 years. The research specifically focuses on factors such as the age of students at the beginning of schooling, attendance at preschool institutions, and their mathematical skills before starting school. Through the application of SPSS analysis, insights into the statistical relationships and trends between these factors are provided, emphasizing the importance of early educational experiences to improve the quality of education in Bosnia & Herzegovina. The analysis results show that the length of stay in preschool institutions, attendance in preschool programs, and the early acquisition of mathematical skills (counting skills, recognition of numeral representations, numeral writing, simple addition, and subtraction) impact later mathematical achievements of students.

In recent years, the oak lace bug, Corythucha arcuata, has emerged as a significant threat to European oak forests. This species, native to North America, has in the last two decades rapidly extended its range in Europe, raising concerns about its potential impact on the continent's invaluable oak populations. To address this growing concern, we conducted an extensive study to assess the distribution, colonization patterns, and potential ecological niche of the oak lace bug in Europe. We gathered 1792 unique presence coordinates from 21 Eurasian countries, utilizing diverse sources such as research observations, citizen science initiatives, GBIF database, and social media reports. To delineate the realized niche and future distribution, we employed an ensemble species distribution modelling (SDM) framework. Two future greenhouse gas scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) were considered across three-time intervals (2021-2040, 2061-2080, and 2081-2100) to project and evaluate the species' potential distribution in the future. Our analysis revealed that significant hotspots rich in host species occurrence for this invasive insect remain uninvaded so far, even within its suitable habitat. Furthermore, the native ranges of Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) and Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto L.) species offer entirely suitable environments for the oak lace bug. In contrast, the pedunculate oak and sessile oak distribution ranges currently show only 40 % and 50 % suitability for colonization, respectively. However, our predictive models indicate a significant transformation in the habitat suitability of the oak lace bug, with suitability for these two oak species increasing by up to 90 %. This shift underlines an evolving landscape where the oak lace bug may exploit more of its available habitats than initially expected. It emphasises the pressing need for proactive measures to manage and stop its expanding presence, which may lead to a harmful impact on the oak population across the European landscape.

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate brain metabolism using MR spectroscopy (MRS) after recovery from Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and to test the impact of disease severity on brain metabolites. Methods: We performed MRS on 81 individuals (45 males, 36 females, aged 40–60), who had normal MRI findings and had recovered from COVID-19, classifying them into mild (17), moderate (36), and severe (28) groups based on disease severity during the acute phase. The study employed two-dimensional spectroscopic imaging above the corpus callosum, focusing on choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), and N-acetylaspartate (NAA). We analyzed Cho/Cr and NAA/Cr ratios as well as absolute concentrations using water as an internal reference. Results: Results indicated that the Cho/Cr ratio was higher with increasing disease severity, while absolute Cho and NAA/Cr ratios showed no significant differences across the groups. Notably, absolute Cr and NAA levels were significantly lower in patients with severe disease. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the severity of COVID-19 during the acute phase is associated with significant changes in brain metabolism, marked by an increase in Cho/Cr ratios and a reduction in Cr and NAA levels, reflecting substantial metabolic alterations post-recovery.

This research explores into the utilization of synthetic data within image classification tasks and evaluates its efficiency in comparison to the utilization of real data. To facilitate this investigation, we employ the CIFAKE dataset, comprising the well-established CIFAR10 dataset and an equivalent number of images synthetically generated using the Latent Diffusion Model (LDM). The increasing demand for diverse and abundant labeled datasets has prompted the emergence of synthetic data as a potential solution to address data scarcity. Within this study, we scrutinize the performance of image classification models trained on both real and synthetic datasets. To ensure a comprehensive evaluation, we alternately apply test data across different models. Our analysis encompasses diverse factors, including classification accuracy, generalization capabilities, and robustness in various scenarios. The findings provide valuable insights into the efficacy of synthetic data as a viable alternative or complement to real data in the realm of image classification.

Artificial intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning are increasingly making significant contributions to the field of medicine. Individual patient conditions, disease localization, and various influencing factors underscore the complexity of disease diagnosis and treatment planning. Introducing new technologies can revolutionize medical diagnostics, facilitating swift and accurate assessments. Among the noninvasive diagnostic methods, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) stands out, particularly in tumor diagnosis. UNet, renowned for its effectiveness in medical image analysis, serves as a robust model for semantic segmentation, as does DeepLabV3+. However, these models are inherently complex, and their inference process can be time-consuming. By leveraging the OpenVINO toolkit, the inference process is significantly reduced. In this study, nearly a 2-fold acceleration is achieved in inference time with the DeepLabV3+ model and a roughly 1.2-fold improvement with the UNet model on CPU. Moreover, when employing GPU with FP16 precision, the acceleration reached almost 2.5fold for UNet and nearly 3-fold for DeepLabV3+, showcasing the substantial performance enhancements attainable through optimized hardware utilization.

Noise removal in image processing and computer vision is a crucial preprocessing step employing a spectrum of techniques. In recent years, autoencoders exhibit remarkable efficacy in mapping noisy images to clean counterparts, capturing intricate relationships for effective noise removal. Motivated by the challenges posed by noise in real-world images, this research focuses on the denoising preprocessing step, crucial for tasks like object detection and segmentation. The study explores the application of autoencoders in removing artificially added noise from images within the MNIST dataset. The MNIST dataset’s simplicity and historical significance facilitate focused examinations on specific aspects, such as the impact of different types and levels of noise. The efficacy of autoencoders for noise removal is assessed through the evaluation of results using various metrics, including SSIM, PSNR, MSE, and RMSE. In one remarkable instance, the reconstruction process achieved an impressive peak SSIM score of 99.06%, showcasing the efficacy of the method in preserving image fidelity despite the challenging presence of noise. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the performance and effectiveness of autoencoders in the context of noise reduction in various domains.

Abstract Let S be a groupoid (magma) with zero 0, and let R=⊕s∈SRs be a contracted S-graded ring, that is, an S-graded ring with R0=0. By G(HR) we denote the undirected power graph of a multiplicative subsemigroup HR=∪s∈SRs of R, and by G*(HR)a graph obtained from G(HR) by removing 0 and its incident edges. If Re is a nonzero ring component of R, then G*(Re) denotes a subgraph of G*(HR), induced by Re*. In this paper we address a problem raised in [Abawajy, J., Kelarev, A., Chowdhury, M.: Power Graphs: A Survey. Electron. J. Graph Theory Appl. 1(2), 125–147 (2013)]. Namely, let S be torsion-free, that is, sn=tn implies s = t for all s, t∈S, and all positive integers n, and let S be 0-cancellative, that is, for all s, t, u∈S,su=tu≠0 implies s=t, and us=ut≠0 implies s=t. Also, let R be semisimple Artinian. We prove that if G*(Re) is connected for every nonzero ring component Re of R, then the connected components of G*(HR) are precisely the graphs G*(Re).

Visual impairment can occur in different periods of life, and each person reacts differently in a way that corresponds to their personality, abilities, goals, as well as the life situation in which they find themselves. The aim of this research paper was to show, according to the available literature, the impact of individual educational-rehabilitation treatment on visual perception in students with visual impairment. The sample of respondents included a student, male, aged 9 years, diagnosed with nystagmus, amblyopia, and astigmatism. The student was included in an educational-rehabilitation program in order to improve his visual functioning. For the purpose of assessment and evaluation, the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) fifth edition was used, which is intended for the assessment of visual-motor integration, visual perception, and motor coordination. An initial and final assessment was conducted with the student, and the Visual Perception subtest, consisting of 30 tasks, was used for the same. After the initial assessment, an individual educational-rehabilitation treatment was carried out for 2 months. The research data were processed by frequency analysis. On the basis of statistical processing and data analysis, the results showed an improvement in the area of visual perception, thereby confirming the need to implement an educational-rehabilitation program for a student with visual impairment.Keywords: visual perception,visual impairment, individual educational-rehabilitation program.

The modern period of neurosurgery in Bosnia and Herzegovina began with the first neurosurgical procedure performed by Dr. Karl Bayer in 1891 on 3 patients with depressed skull fractures and epilepsy. In 1956 the Department of Surgery in Sarajevo designated several beds specifically for a neurosurgical unit. A significant milestone in the history of neurosurgery in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the establishment of the Division of Neurosurgery at the Clinical Center University of Sarajevo in 1970. The first neurosurgeon to complete his training in Bosnia and Herzegovina was Dr. Faruk Konjhodžić. The first female neurosurgeon was Dr. Nermina Iblizović. Presently, there are 7 neurosurgical departments in the country, located in Sarajevo, Tuzla, Zenica, Mostar, Banja Luka, Bihać, and Foča. The Association of Neurosurgeons in Bosnia and Herzegovina, founded in 2003, is a member of the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies and the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies. The aim of this historical paper is to provide a concise chronology of important events and mention key individuals who have contributed to the development of modern neurosurgery in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Introduction Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a prevalent condition commonly seen in elderly individuals, often requiring neurosurgical intervention. Research question This study investigates patient characteristics and recurrence rates in CSDH patients treated with single or double burr hole surgery in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on patients treated for CSDH between January 2018 and December 2022. The diagnosis of CSDH was confirmed through preoperative CT or MRI of the brain. Patients underwent either single or double burr hole surgery based on the neurosurgeon's decision. Preoperative and postoperative brain CT scans, along with clinical outcomes, were analyzed. Results A total of 87 patients were included in the study, with 102 burr hole surgeries performed. Among these, 49 patients received single burr hole surgery, while 53 patients underwent double burr hole surgery. Recurrence of CSDH occurred in 8.8% of cases, with no significant difference observed between the groups. Notably, single burr hole surgery demonstrated comparable efficacy to double burr hole surgery in terms of subdural reduction and occurrence of pneumocephalus, while exhibiting fewer complications and shorter hospitalization. Discussion and conclusions burr hole surgery, whether performed as a single or double procedure, is an effective treatment option for CSDH, as it leads to positive outcomes in both radiological and clinical assessments of patients following surgery. The population of Bosnia and Herzegovina receives good neurosurgical care for CSDH.

Background and Objectives. Distinct pressure curve differences exist between akinetic (A-LVA) and dyskinetic (D-LVA) aneurysms. In D-LVA, left ventricular (LV) ejection pressure decreases relative to the aneurysm size, whereas A-LVA does not impact pressure curves, indicating that the decrease in stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output is proportional to the size of dyskinesia. This study aimed to assess the frequency of A-LVA and D-LVA, determine aneurysm size parameters (volume and surface area), and evaluate predictive parameters using echocardiography in A-LVA and D-LVA. Furthermore, it aimed to compare individual echocardiographic parameters, according to ejection fraction (EF) and SV, with hemodynamic events shown in experimental models of A-LVA and D-LVA and their significance in everyday clinical practice. Materials and Methods. This clinical study included patients with post-infarction left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) admitted to the cardiovascular institute ‘’Dedinje”, Serbia. Echocardiographic volume and surface area of LV and LVA were determined (by the area–length method) along with EF (by Simpson’s method). Results. A-LVA was present in 62.9% of patients, while D-LVA was present in 37.1%. Patients with D-LVA had significantly higher systolic aneurysm volume (LVAVs) (94.07 ± 74.66 vs. 51.54 ± 53.09, p = 0.009), systolic aneurysm surface area (LVAAs) (23.22 ± 11.73 vs. 16.41 ± 8.58, p = 0.018), and end-systolic left ventricular surface areas (LVESA) (50.79 ± 13.33 vs. 42.76 ± 14.11, p = 0.045) compared to patients with A-LVA. The ratio of LVA volume to LV volume was higher in the D-LVA in systole (LVAVs/LVESV). The end-diastolic volume of LV (LVEDV) and end-systolic volume of LV (LVESV) did not significantly differ between D-LVA and A-LVA. EF (21.25 ± 11.92 vs. 28.18 ± 11.91, p = 0.044) was significantly lower among patients with D-LVA. Conclusions. Differentiating between A-LVA and D-LVA using echocardiography is crucial since D-LVA causes greater hemodynamic disturbances in LV function, and thus surgical resection of the aneurysm or LV reconstruction must have a positive effect regardless of myocardial revascularization surgery.