Genetic structure of two human populations, indigenous and migratory population in the area of the Tuzla region, was analyzed with respect to some static and dynamic-morphological properties. The analyzed genetic data were collected by direct observation and survey of 472 pupils of school age. The investigated parameters of genetic heterogeneity were estimated by: analysis of the frequency of recessive phenotypes for every observed property, t-test analysis, and assessment of intragroup variation by analysis of Wahlund variance. Based on the obtained results it was observed that the frequency of the recessive homozygote for most of the analyzed properties was slightly higher in migratory populations. All values obtained by Wahlund variance analysis indicated a small genetic differentiation.

Propagation mobility data on individual, reproductive couples and studied generations were collected based on the analysis of spatial distance between individual cardinal dots. Elements for analysis were gathered from questionnaire of 1107 primary and secondary school students in Tuzla area. At the same time 2314 families were analyzed. Propagation mobility research of Tuzla Canton population is based on determining distances between geographical dots characteristic for certain families. For this purpose parameters of propagation mobility are defined. There are three different types of these parameters: marital, pre-marital and post-marital mobility. The objective was to determine the degree of propagation mobility in Tuzla's population in four periods. To analyze data a t-test and a questionnaire were used. The results were shown in table and graph. Although there are similarities in migrational movements of the population (isolation of the studied population), each migrational movement is a consequence of several different causes. We could conclude that local population gradually became isolated and that patrilocal residence was the main reason for it. Also, local population showed larger degree of tolerance and acceptance toward female immigrants than to male immigrants. If we analyze marital mobility in two successive generations, we could see that average value marital mobility in the first generation is by 2.13 % bigger than in the second. Patrilocal residence emerges here as the main characteristic of propagation mobility in studied local population as well as gradual stagnation in migrating process. .

AIM To determine quantitative parameters of volume density and absolute volume of syncytiotrophoblast in resorption villi of control and experimental group, compare the results and search for correlation between structural parameters of resorption villi and pregnancy age. METHODS The research was performed on 60 human placentas of term pregnancy: 30 placentas of pregnant women of age 20 - 34 (control group), and 30 placentas of pregnant women of age 35 and older (experimental group). Stereological analysis was performed on multipurpose testing system M42 with 40 times objective magnification. RESULTS Average volume density of syncytiotrophoblast in resorption villi of experimental and control group was Vvss = (0,489 ± 0,032) mm0 and Vvsm = (0,389 ± 0,078) mm0 , respectively. Statistical analysis of results using Student t-test indicated a significantly higher volume density of syncytiotrophoblast of resorption villi in the experimental than in the control group (p < 0,001). Absolute volume of syncytiotrophoblast in resorption villi of the experimental and control groups was Vss = (205,250±40,894) cm3 and Vsm = (178,386 ± 44,413) cm3, respectively. We have found a significantly higher absolute volume of syncytiotrophoblast in resorption villi in the experimental than in the control group (p < 0,005). CONCLUSIONS Statistically significant higher values of volume density and absolute volume of syncytiotrophoblast in resorption villi of placentas in older pregnant women represent a compensatory mechanism as a response to decreased metabolic exchange between a mother and a fetus.

INTRODUCTION Growth and development of children can be observed on individual and population level. Anthropometric measures are main indicators of that development. Secular trend of anthropometric measures increase in BiH and in the world is most often observed during the adolescence period. Changes in anthropometric measures are also investigated in newborns (body length, birth weight, head circumference, upper arm circumference and others) and are correlated with different endogenous and exogenous factors. Purpose of this paper is to analyze birth weight, body length and head circumference in newborns from Gracanica area, which were born in the period from 2007 to 2008, compare them with information's collected in 1998 and 1999, and then determine eventual secular trend. EXAMINEES AND METHODS Examinees were babies born in period from January 1st to December 31st 1998, and from January 1st 2007 to December 28th 2008. The method was retrospective and used information is from The Book of Protocols at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dr M. Beganović Hospital in Gracanica. In observed period (1998 and 1999, 2007 and 2008) more girls was born than boys (N = 1801). RESULTS Newborns in Gracanica (2007-2008) weighted 3564 grams and female newborns weighted 3321+/- 333 grams in total sample. Body length in female newborns is 55.37; and male newborns 56.32. CONCLUSIONS Acceleration of growth of observed anthropometric parameters was established in newborns from Gracanica, in the period from 1998 to 2008 (for birth weight it is 84.96 g/dec; for body length it is 1,13 cm/dec and for head circumference it is 0.34 cm/dec).

The varying nature of individual features in the observed group could be described according to different criteria. Some individual features occur in the compatible form, the other occur in two other forms (subtypes) and the others occur in three or more different subtypes. This work carries the first comprehensible population-genetic analysis fenotypes of the population in Tuzla with regard to complex of six system quantitative fenotype variation of fist. The anthroposcopy of chosen dimorph features includes: the extensiveness of constant nuckle of thumb (dht); the extensiveness of proximate nuckle of thumb (pht); 'digital index' (L); a position of phalang of little finger (rcf); a shape of nails (ln); a hairness of middle digital falang (d). There were 1163 boys totally analysed in elementary schools, who were born in the period between 1980 to 1987. The statistical significant differences of gene frequency was observed between the observed and expected gene frequency. The established values of relative frequency of recessive allelogene (hairness of the medium digital falang qd=0.99; a shape of nails qln=0.57; the extensiveness of proximate ankle of thumb qpht=0.94) in the system of fenotype of the observed complex of variations do not fit in the range of values of this indication of the preferred cluster's samples in the Bosnia and Hercegovina's population. The frequency of other observed fist fenotypes are in the range of qualitative variations for the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, a constant frequency of recessive fenotype (qd - the obsence of hairs on the medium digital falang of the ring finger), in the complete pattern fits in the range of varying value of this parameter in the set of chosen parts of the world population in USA (the Black people qd=0.91).

The impact of certain exogenous factor (socio-economic, ecological) has been investigated with special attention paid to the parents' living standard, and number of family members on some anthropometric parameters like: body height, body mass, chest circumference, upper leg circumference, upper arm circumference, sitting height, arm length, leg length, pelvis width, shoulders width, lenght of head and with of head on the sample of 698 boys aged 11 to 16 (17) years in the Tuzla region (the northeastern Bosnia, Western Balkan peninsula). Anthropometric measurements have been carried out using methodology proposed by the International Biological program (IBP). The results of these investigations have shown that there is a certain impact of the socio-economic conditions on the growth and development of boys. Children from families that have better living standard are, as a rule, taller, which is indicated by the statistical significant differences (P > 0.01). This trend indicates also value of Body Mass Index (BMI), which is in younger children from the families with lower living standard 16, while in the same category in the children from the families with better living standard it has value 18.5. The real impact of living conditions on the dynamics of development could be the best seen in the period of puberty. The number of children in the family has negative relationship with anthropometric features. Statistically significant differences (P > 0.001) have been detected in numerous analysed features in families with one or two children in comparison with families with three, four, or five children. Therefore, BMI has been significantly lower (16) in children from families with several children, while in the families with one child in the same growth class (11 years) it was significantly higher (17.4). Similar value of BMI (17.9) have children from the families with five children and which are 17 years old. Besides socio-economic conditions, high level of environmental pollution which is typical for Tuzla region for a long time, has also significant impact on the growth and development of children.

Secular growth and development changes in children vary in the last decades among different population. Some show extensive trend towards greater body height and weight. In others height shows trend of increase, and in some there are no changes at all. Therefore, there is a relative independency of secular changes in development and growth. The objective of this work is to show whether any changes are noticed in secular growth of adolescents in Tuzla's area. Six anthropometri cal parameters have been examined: height body mass, average chest size, sitting height, leg length, and arm length. The data has been compared with the corresponding research data from 1980 and 1996. conducted on a sample of similar population. The conducted analysis of the gathered data primarily rests on the scientific elaboration of registered state from the year 2003 in the examined part of the population, after an unnatural and extremely unfavourable period in process of growth and development of one bigger part of the group. Namely, all the examinees were born in the period between 1985 and 1992 so one part of their intensive growth was during (1992-1995) and after the war. Despite the negative influence of the living conditions (war) on the ontogenesis of the examinees, it has been determined that the growth and development of male children in this area proceeds harmoniously, and that it is in limits of average European standards. The determined secular trend for body height is 2.31 cm/dec, body mass 3.42 kg/dec, average chest size is 1.72 cm/dec.

Genetic heterogenity of two local human population from the area of northeast Bosnia (Bosanska Bijela and Memic'i) regarding of four the biochemical-physiological characteristic (ABO blood groups, PTC tasting, red and green colour vision) was studied. Special attention in this study was paid to the analysis of temporal changes in genetic structure of two local population. The analysed genetic data were collected by direct observation and survey of schoolchildren from two temporal periods (1974.75. and 2001./02. year). Data processing included: estimation of recessive phenotypes frequency for each observed characteristic by locality, analysis Wahlund, s variance analysis of the complex genetic distance, analysis of correlation of genetic distance and some possible factors of the genetic heterogeneity. Thirty years after the last analysis of genetic structure of these two populations regarding of four the biochemical-physiological characteristics, we found that the population of Bosanska Bijela retained higher genetic similarity in two temporal periods compared to the population of Memic'i and that the this two populations show a higher genetic similarity when compared to period 1974./75.

Within 16 year-period secular trend in seven measurements of physical growth of male children and youth from Tuzla Region, was researched by corresponding analysis of the sample that involved 1329 researched subjects. Our data were compared with the results of research from 1980 in the sample of 1349 boys. Nine successive generations in 1980 and 1996, from Tuzla region, were involved in this research. Analysis of the data obtained is based primarily on scientific elaboration of the situation registered in 1996 in the tested part of the broader population, after an unnatural and extremely unfavorable period for physical growth of the large majority of that population. The aim of this research was to establish secular trend (negative or positive) for the seven measurements of physical growth of male children and youth comparing our results from 1996 to corresponding research results on growth and development from1980, the sample of about same population (nearly same number of investigated persons). Although the unfavorable war living conditions negatively affected ontogenesis of the researched subjects, body dimensions of male children and youth were established as harmonious, in the limits of average European standards. However, it seems the unfavorable living conditions caused temporary slowdown in body dimensions, so, for these generations (11 to 19 years old), we could not find any increase of mean values (for certain number) of the researched parameters in comparison with the sample from 1980 year. So, 16 year-acceleration trend for most parameters was established and it is particularly evident inpost pubertal period.

Our objective was to establish if mother's age affects the anthropometric properties their 11 and 16 years old sons, and if the boys' BMI is satisfactory. Cross-sections, questionnaires, and statistics were used for data processing BMI (kg/m2) was presented according to the scale Quetelet's index nutritional status. Twelve anthropometric properties were researched. It was established that mother's age affects anthropometric properties in adolescent boys. The younger mothers' boys come to puberty with significantly higher mean values for most anthropometric parameters. In the course of adolescent jump, older mothers' boys have significantly higher anthropometric measures in comparison to their age boys delivered by younger mothers. After the completion of their intensive growth and development anthropometric measures in both category boys are equal or insignificantly higher in younger mothers' sons. Mother's age affects their sons' anthropometric properties of growth and development, particularly in prepuberty and puberty. After puberty that effect is not significant. According to BMI, the boys coming from the researched region make the group of underfed children. That is probably the outcome of bad living conditions, irregular and insufficient diet, stress, etc. in the course of four year aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Dynamics of growth of male children and youths from the Region of Tuzla influenced by some exogenous factors was researched by a corresponding analysis of the sample which included 751 tested individuals, aged from 11 to 17 years. The analysis performed is primarily based on the scientific elaboration of the registered state in two time-points (1996 and 1999) in the tested part of broader population. This research involved the period of four-year aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina, taking into consideration the fact that the tested persons spent one period of their growth and development in extremely bad wartime living conditions. By quasicanonic correlative analysis it was established that the next factors participated in connection of variables of both sets (initial and final measurements): mother's standard, total mother's and father's standard of living, mother's age and sequence of births participated to some less extent in connection of both sets of variables. Anthropometric variables that had most significant impact of both sets of variables are: length parameters, body mass, width parameters, circumferences had somewhat less impact, while indexes of head and sitting height had the least impact on this connection.

Cannabis is a plant whose consumption causes hallucinations soon after it has been inhaled. This study was conducted with 600 adolescents of age 12 to 17 with even gender distribution from two residence locations (rural and urban). Epidemiological-analytic study was prospectively conducted, whose results were analysed with standard statistical methods. The results showed that the use of cannabis is greater by the adolescents in high school (15-17 years old), than the adolescents in the elementary school (12-14 years old). The x2 test showed great significance. Among the tested adolescents the consumption of cannabis is more present in urban than in rural type of residency. However, gender structure did not show significant differences. It is obvious that the prevention of the use of psychoactive substances should be at its maximum.

Birth order and its effect on growth and development of children and youths have rarely been studied so far. The objective of this research was an analysis of the birth order effects on some anthropometric properties of the boys 11-16 years old. The sample consisted of 748 boys from the Tuzla region. As the sample included very few boys born as the third, forth, or fifth child, we decided to consider only the differences in the mean values for some anthropometric parameters between the groups of the first- and the second-born. Measurements were taken according to IBP and the following parameters were investigated: body height, body mass, chest circumference, upper arm circumference, upper leg circumference, sitting height, arm length, leg length, pelvis width, shoulders width, length and width of head. We established that in most generations the firstborn boys have larger mean values for most anthropometric variables in comparison to the second-born.

Harmonious physical and mental development of children and youngsters depend on the proper diet as one of the basic conditions of growth and development. Feeding to a great extent effects children's health and their future working capability. Feeding process can be perceived through nutritive status whose most valuable and accessive data are on body mass, height and thickness of skin wrinkles. On the basis of BMI, i.e. its centile values, critical values of overweight and obesity can be easily determined. The research aim was to see nutritional status and habits in the secondary school children in Tuzla Canton, then to analyze anthropometric parameters (body weight, body height); to determine BMI values, to standardize curves, to establish obesity frequency in children. The research was performed on the sample of 1544 children both sexes, in the first, third and seventh class involving four Tuzla-Canton municipalities: Tuzla, Lukavac, Gracanica and Kladanj. The research was performed by a questionnaire and anthropometric measurements in respect to IBP (International Biological Programme). Presence of brown bread in the primary school pupils' food is insufficient (5.8-10.7%). They consume fruit and vegetables mostly two times a day, milk is not consumed by 7.5-12.3% of boys and 8.4-28.4% of girls. As for meat, chicken is mostly consumed, fish a little and insufficient. Period between the third and seventh class is characterized by expressive increase in height and weight, what is the outcome of the adolescent jump. BMI value increases with age and exceeds limits of normal weight, thus obesity increases with age. In the seventh class obesity is present in 48.35% of boys and in 30.77% of girls. The above discussed trends in nutrition and obesity presence as the risk factors, require an urgent pass of the Action Programme for food and feeding on the state level, which would give a special importance to health promotion from this point of view.