The World Health Organization (WHO) released guidelines for physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, and sleep for children under 5 years of age in 2019, but there are no reports on the adherence to the guidelines in southeastern Europe. This study aimed to: (i) determine the proportion of preschool children (aged 3-5 years) who met the WHO guidelines and examine the feasibility of the proposed protocol for the SUNRISE study in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), and (ii) define sex-, and urban/rural-living-specifics in movement-behaviors, anthropometrics, gross-motor-skills, fine-motor- skills, and cognitive-skills. The sample comprised 115 preschool children (63 girls and 52 boys), residing in urban (n = 66) and rural areas (n = 49) from B&H. Participants were tested on movement behaviors (PA, sleep time, screen time) by accelerometry and comprehensive questionnaires. Body height, weight, body mass index, executive function, fine-, and gross-motor skill, and cognitive function were also measured. The results showed that PA-, sleep duration-, and screen time guidelines were met by 64%, 74% and 53% of children, respectively, while only 23% of the children met all three guidelines on movement behaviors. Boys exhibited higher PA than girls, but no differences in gross- and fine motor skills and cognitive functioning were recorded between the sexes. Children living in urban and rural environments did not differ in any of the studied variables. Results evidenced preschool children from B&H being in line with other samples globally about study variables. Although PA was higher in boys than in girls it was not translated to differences in motor skills. Further studies on larger samples and other environments are warranted.

Abstract The preschool years are characterized by additional physical development changes, enhanced motor abilities, and strengthened movement apparatus in the kid. The feet undergo morpho-functional changes at that period, particularly between the ages of 3 and 6, which result in the development of their longitudinal and transverse arches. The aim of this study was to evaluate the actual causes of foot deformity and its degree of severity in preschool-aged children, as well as the distinction in deformity representation between the sexes. The "Institution for preschool education" kindergarten "Aladin" in Tuzla is the focus of this study, which involves 74 children of both sexes, ages 3-6, were measured in 2023. Foot deformities are equally present in girls and boys. Deformities in boys are particularly pronounced: pedes recti 21 (56.8%), pedes planovalgi 6 (16.2%), while in girls: pedes recti 20 (54.1%), pedes excavati 8 (21.6%). With the Chi-square test, we determined the statistical significance of the presence of foot deformities between the sexes. By looking at the size of the chi-square (Pearson Chi-Square) 5.964a and Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) .544 tells us that there is no statistically significant difference in the representation of foot deformities between the sexes and that these deformities are equally represented. Because foot deviations can lead to problems kindergarten kids' foot arches need to be continuously monitored. This allows for timely intervention and the adoption of suitable treatment procedures to avoid the development of deformities. Keywords: children, preschool strature, foot, deformity, gender.

The World Health Organization (WHO) released guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behav-iour, and sleep for children under 5 years of age in 2019. In response to these guidelines, this study aimed to determine the proportion of preschool children (ages 3-5 years) who met the WHO guidelines. The time spent in physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep were objectively measured using accelerometer (ActiGraph wGT3x-BT). Screen time and sleep quality were assessed via parent questionnaire. Focus groups were con-1 ducted with parents and childcare staff to determine the feasibility of the protocol. The results showed that only 23% of the children met all three guidelines, and compliance rates varied for each guideline. The physical activity time guideline was met by 64% of children, the sleep duration guideline was met by 74% of children, and the screen time guideline was met by 53% of children. Only a low proportion of children met the WHO guidelines. The methods and devices used in this pilot study proved to be feasible and this has paved the way to conduct the main SUNRISE study in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The primary objective of this study is to analyze the self-assessment of the mental and physical health of young women from the effects of programmed recreational activities in a three-month period. The sample is composed of 35 women (20 - 40 years old). For a sample of variables in the assessment of mental and physical health, standardized instruments were used: THE HAD scale - Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (for mental health assessment) and EQ thermometer (for physical health assessment) The results of the overall condition of all participants before the start of the experimental procedure, 24 participants had no symptoms of depression, 8 participants had a borderline condition, and 3 participants with depressive disorder. After three months of recreational treatment, 30 of the participants have no symptoms of depression, 3 participants have borderline condition and 2 participants with depressive disorder. When it comes to the self-assessment of anxiety in the initial state, it was noted that 26 participants of the experiment had no signs of anxiety, 6 participants had a borderline state of anxiety, while 3 participants had anxiety disorders, of which 2 participants slightly above the limit state and one participant with a particularly high number of points indicating a more severe state of anxiety. At the end of the experiment, 31 participants had no signs of anxiety, 4 had a borderline state and 1 person with a severe anxiety condition. Before the start of recreational activities, one participant rated their physical health as extremely poor and 3 people rated their health as poor. The largest number of participants before the experiment, 16 of them, rated their physical health slightly above average, 10 women rated their physical health as excellent and 5 women rated themselves the best imaginable physical health. After the experiment, only 4 participants estimated lower and average self-health, above average 6, 20 women claimed to have excellent health and 5 participants in the experiment claimed to be in the best physical health imaginable. Keywords: Women, recreation, self-assessment, depression, anxiety, physical health.

The goal of this research is to evaluate the effects of applied kinesiological activities of different extensions on the transformation of basal-motor abilities of boys. The sample of respondents is represented by boys, students of VII, VIII and IX grades of primary school. „21. March "Matuzići - Doboj South. The total sample consists of a set of 76 respondents classified into three distinct groups. Based on the boys' statements about their participation in everyday physical activities, groups with the numbering were defined through non-athletes: non-athletes-1, recreational athletes-2 and athletes-3. To assess the basic motor skills of the respondents, the variables according to the Eurofit battery test program were used, as follows: Flamingo balance, endurance in the joint, lying-sitting, running 10 × 5m (back and forth), hand tapping, hand dynamometry, flexibility-mobility at the hip joint, jumping away from the spot and running 20m back and forth with progressive acceleration. The results of univariate covariance analysis showed high significance in endurance assessment tests (SHATL 20 and SHATL 10 × 5), followed by static arm strength (MSSIZG), and hand strength (MSSDIN) and torso flexibility (MFLPRK) and balance (MRFLAM). Statistically significant differences in effects did not occur with the three variables, namely hand tapping ( MBFTAR), long jump (MESSDM) or squat-sitting (MRSLSJ). Keywords: Boys, basic motor skills, kinesiological activities, extensibility

Growth and development are indicators of good health, as well as a mirror of quality nutrition and quality of life. By monitoring growth and development, the relationship between motor abilities and morphological characteristics is recognized. The period of younger school age is characterized by strong growth and development of all anthropological dimensions, especially morphological and motor ones, which differ significantly in children, concerning adults. This transversal research aimed to determine the differences in morphological characteristics and motor abilities between lower primary school students. The research was conducted on a sample of 1233 girls, I - IV grades of primary schools from the area of the City of Tuzla. The sample of variables consisted of a set of 10 tests to assess certain anthropological dimensions (5 morphological and 5 motors), appropriate to the age of the study population. Univariate analysis of variance with multiple comparisons was used to determine the differences in the studied spaces between students of different grades, with the applied post hock Bonferroni test. The obtained results showed that there are statistically significant differences in all applied variables (morphological and motor). between treated groups at the level of significance (p≤0.05). The results of the research draw attention to the importance of early stimulation of morphological-motor development and a healthy lifestyle in female students, which are characterized by regular physical activity and a healthy diet. Optimal levels of motor skills, well-developed fundamental motor skills and a healthy body structure are of great importance for health, quality of life-related to health and overall well-being of younger school-age students.

Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seems to be having a significant impact on physical activity behaviors globally. The pandemic has forced many of us around the world to remain reception and self-isolate for a period of your time. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this paper was to find out how much the measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic affected the daily lives and how the measures affect the physical activity and mental health of students after 81 days. Materials and methods: A total of 67 participants have answered the questionnaire. The participants were 48 (71.6%) males and 19 (28.4%) females. The mean age of all participants 22.28 years. Study Design and Setting: The questionnaire is divided into several different chapters: personal characteristics, sleep habits, level of physical activity, social functioning and viewing habits, general health condition, COVID-19. Statistics: Statistical differences between male and female students were tested using the chi-square test and t-test. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Inactivity had a more negative effect on the male population than on women. In this article, the author will highlight the potential impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the physical activity and mental health of students. The data showed that the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown affected the academic performance of most participants. Conclusion: Home-based activities provide an opportunity for students to stay fit and healthy by practising simple movements while staying at home without the usual student obligations. We see that student confinement did not affect both sexes the same.

This study was conducted on a sample of 40 senior and junior male and female karate fighters, chronological ages 18 to 27 from the Tuzla Canton, who are part of the regular training and competition process. The aim of this paper is to determine the differences in the motor reaction speed among the karate players with the same specializations but at different levels of competition, in conditions of fatigue induced by intense physical work in combination with complex visual signalization, which determines certain karate techniques. The study was conducted with the application of sophisticated technologies used in sport that enable the collection of data. The light stimuli was generated by the usage of the RIR 102 reaction meter and the quantitative valorization of the investigated parameters was carried out by a sophisticated kinematic analysis of the videos collected using two high-speed Casio Exilim EX-F1 digital cameras synchronized with the data from the Polar Team heart monitoring system. By processing and analyzing data, it was concluded that fatigue induced by situational conditions such as performing a series of strikes that simultaneously generate muscular, cognitive and sensory strain, produces negative effects on reaction time of the karate players. The intensity of limiting factors grows gradually in function of time, but is manifested differently in relation to the international and state level of competition.

Background: Physical inactivity and intensive sports activity have been found to be associated with LBP. The aim of this study is the presents the data about the prevalence of LBP in young adults and its associations with vitality, physical activity and emotions. We also studied the impact of low back pain on daily activity. The study sample presented (n=323) students from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the chronological age of 21.06 ± 1.93 years. The current study assessed the level of LBP amongst students of Faculty of Sport with the level of physical activity in last six months. Methods: We used the questionnaire, which included the Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) for the evaluation of levels of chronic pain. With a Short Health Survey (SF-36) we tried to measure the health status. Results: A total of (n=323) of all students had pain intensity at some point in last six months. All students reported (n=236, 73.0%) prevalence of LBP. In this study body mass index, level of physical activity were not significant independent predictors of intensity and disability scores. Conclusion: 3/4 of all respondents said to have had any episode LBP. The results of our study can be used by officials in the area of prevention to support efforts to improve health of the student population and to reduce the LBP risk.

Background: This study was carried out among undergraduate students at the University of Tuzla (Bosna and Herzegovina) with the objective of examining gender differences in the body mass index (BMI) and the level of Physical Activity (PA) among respondents. Material/Methods: This study was conducted to: determine the body mass index (BMI) and the average weekly number of hours of sport activity in the last six months (PA). A research sample was made of female students (n=330) in the chronological age of 19.3+1.5 yrs, 60.7%, and of male students (n=213) in the chronological age of 20.0+1.8 yrs, 39.2%. Results: On average, the students (both female and male) spend 5.60 (5.03) hours on physical activity per week. Female students spend 4.05 (4.32) hours, while male students dedicate 8.11 (5.30) hours to physical activities. It can be concluded that in principle the students practice physical activities and recreation, but still 1/5 of all students are inactive. The obtained results for the BMI show that the majority of students are in the zone of normal values: female – 278 (84.2%); male – 157 (73.7%). Correlations between BMI and PA amount to (R=.214; p<0.01) and (R 2 =.046; p<0.01). The results of the T-test show a more significant statistical variable of differences between female and male students at the level of p<0.05. In comparison to female students, male students have 2.35 kg/m 2 higher BMI, and they are more active in physical activities for 4.06 hours in comparison to women. Conclusions: The focus should be directed to the education of young people, because they can easily adopt healthy habits that should be maintained for life. These results point out the necessity of an integrated approach to prevention and control of risk factors, particularly among youth.

Original scientific paper The primary purpose of this research is to determine correlation of variables for evaluating explosive strength and agility, as well as variables for evaluating situational effectiveness of football players. For the needs of this research, two tests for evaluating agility were designed. In each test there are six changes of movement direction, three changes to the left and three to the right side, with the difference between the two designed tests in the distance covered between two changes of direction. The research was conducted on the sample of 52 (fifty-two) examinees, which included freshman (first-year) and sophomore (second-year) students of Faculty for physical education and sport, University of Tuzla. All examinees are active football players in lower levels of competition, therefore they can be classified to the group of amateur football players. The age of examinees chosen for this research was in the range of 19±3, the average height was in the range of 187±17 cm, while the average weight was 77±18 kg. Cronbach's alpha was calculated for the tests which were designed for the needs of this research to determine reliability of tests. Cross-correlation analysis was used to determine correlation between the used variables. Results of the research show that variables for evaluating explosive strength were more dominant for changes of direction where the distance covered between two changes is smaller. Also, it can be seen that variables 20M and DJ have higher correlation coefficients with change of direction tests (SRED3-90, SRED7-90), which means that due to lengthening and shortening cycle, reactive strength is important for implementation of all above mentioned tests. Variables for evaluating explosive strength did not achieve any statistically significant correlations with variables for evaluating situational effectiveness of football players, and one of the reasons for this is insufficient tactical preparation.

The main purpose of the research is to determine whether the working program containing large number of specific exercises will contribute to higher dynamic growth among the experimental group participants comparing to the control group participants according to the variables for evaluation of basic-motor abilities. In order to evaluate basic-motor abilities of testing candidates a battery with 15 measuring instruments was used. The research testing group is consisted of 78 football players 12 to 14 years of age, members of soccer schools in football clubs “SLOBODA”, “TUZLA” and “KLUB – 7” all from Tuzla. Attendees of all three soccer schools are members of pioneer competition selection within the football clubs they belong to. In order to reach purpose of the research, certain mathematical-statistical procedure has been used. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used in order to determine the effects, i.e. whether the experimental group expressed statistically significant effects after the program had been implemented comparing to the control group. Based on the results reached by Multivariate analysis of covariance, it has been determined that the experimental group achieved higher dynamic growth in four out of fifteen variables for evaluation of basicmotor abilities, including: MBFTAR – hand tapping, MFLBOS – side splits, MAGTUP – zig-zag test (running in the rectangular), MBAP2Z – both legs stand transversally on the bench with eyes closed. We have to emphasize that the working program containing both specific and acyclic exercises lead to statistically significant effects in the above mentioned variables. These data can contribute to more efficient selection of training means which would be applied in the work with football players of younger age groups.