In this article the neurotoxic disorders appearing in patients poisoned with organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are reviewed. OPs cause four important neurotoxic effects in humans: the cholinergic syndrome, the intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy and chronic organophosphateinduced neuropsychiatric disorder. Compared to the cholinergic syndrome, that causes millions of cases of poisoning with fatality of more than 15% each year, other disorders involve much smaller number of patients. This article is focused on neurotoxic disorders appearing after acute and chronic exposure to OPs with emphasis on clinical presentation, molecular mechanisms and possibilities of medical treatment.

Great scientifi c discoveries rarely originate from small and poor countries, especially if they are frequently engulfed in wars, like it was the case with Serbia, and other parts of the former Yugoslavia. Despite the odds, quite a few well educated, curious, wise, and brave minds have made signifi cant contributions under such circumstances. For example, the achievements of Laza K. Lazarević (18511891), Milutin Milankovic (1879-1958), Ivan Djaja (18841957), Pavao Stern (1913-1976), and several other Yugoslav researchers clearly show that some scientists are able to make great discoveries under limited resources. 1 Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), and two Nobel laureates of Yugoslav origin, Leopold Ruzicka (1887-1976) and Vladimir Prelog (1906-1998), are only mentioned here because their major scientifi c contributions had been mostly conducted in the USA and Switzerland.

Aim To investigate the influence of probiotic pre-treatment on the permeation of the antidiabetic drug gliclazide in healthy and diabetic rats. Methods Wistar rats (age 2–3 months, weight 350 ± 50 g) were randomly allocated into one of 4 groups (N = 16 each group): healthy control, healthy probiotic, diabetic control, and diabetic probiotic. Probiotics (75 mg/kg, equal quantities of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) were administered twice a day for three days to the appropriate groups after diabetes had been induced with alloxan i.v. 30 mg/kg. Rats were sacrificed, ileal tissues mounted in Ussing chambers and gliclazide (200 µg/mL) was administered for the measurement of the mucosal to serosal absorption Jss(MtoS) and serosal to mucosal secretion Jss(StoM) of gliclazide. Results Treatment of healthy rats with probiotics reduced Jss(MtoS) of gliclazide from 1.2 ± 0.3 to 0.3 ± 0.1 µg/min/cm2 (P < 0.01) and increased Jss(StoM)from 0.6 ± 0.1 to 1.4 ± 0.3 (P < 0.01) resulting in net secretion while, in diabetic tissues, treatment with probiotics increased both Jss(MtoS) and Jss(StoM)fluxes of gliclazide to the comparable levels of healthy tissues resulting in net absorption. Discussion In healthy rats, the reduction in Jss(MtoS) after probiotics administration could be explained by the production of bacterial metabolites that upregulate the mucosal efflux drug transporters Mrp2 that control gliclazide transport. In diabetic rats, the restored fluxes of gliclazide after probiotic treatment, suggests the normalization of the functionality of the drug transporters resulting in a net absorption. Conclusion Probiotics may alter gliclazide transport across rat ileal tissue studied ex vivo.

Sažetak. Infekcije tmdnice su relativno česte, tako da je često i propisivanje antibiotika и trudnoći. Vrsta antibiotika, doza, trajanje, način i učestalost primjene zavise od uzročnika i težine bolesti. U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, prema Upravi za hranu i lijekove (engl., Food and Drug Administration, FDA) svi lijekovi, prema riziku za oštećenje ploda, svrstavaju se и 5 grupa (А, В, C, D, X). Najmanji rizik imaju lijekovi iz grupe A i B, a najveći iz grupe X. Cilj rada je bio da se ispita učestalost primjene antibiotika kod trudnica, koje su najčešće indikacije za njihovu primjenu, koji se antibiotici najčešće koriste i и koju grupu rizika po plod spadaju, te koliko je antibiotska terapija trajala. ® Studija je obuhvatila 694 trudnice. Ispitivanje je provedeno tokom 2004. i 2005. godine. Podaci su prikupljeni modifikovanim upitnikom za trudnice Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije, originalno urađenom na Institutu za farmakološka istraživanja “Mario Negri ”, Milano, ltalija. U toku trudnoće, lijekove je uzimalo 574 (82,71%) žene. U prosjeku, uzimano je 2,84 lijeka po trudnici. Najčešće su korišćeni preparati željeza (69,9%) i vitamini (56,1%), a slijede sistemski antibiotici (33,9%), antimikotici u obliku vaginaleta (22,3%), simpatikomimetici za spriječavanje prijevremenog porođaja (22,0%), polni hormoni (progesteron) (13,9%), te benzodiazepini (12,0%>). Od sistemskih antibiotika najčešće su korišćeni beta laktamski antibiotici (penicilini i cefalosporini, FDA grupa B). Najčešće indikacije za terapiju sistemskim antibioticima su bile: infekcije urinarnog trakta, a zatim respiratornog. Utvrđeno je da su antibiotici primjenjivani i kod virusnih infekcija uz opravdanje da se trudnice zaštite od bakterijske superinfekcije. Oko 3% trudnica bilo je na hroničnoj terapiji, koja je započeta prije i trajala je tokom čitave trudnoće (epilepsija, oboljenja štitne žlijezde, i slično). Antibiotike za sistemsku primjenu je koristila treéina trudnica, a najčešće su korisćeni beta laktamski antibiotici, amoksicilin i cefaleksin. Antibiotici su najčešće korišćeni za liječenje infekcija urinarnog i respiratornog trakta. Kod veéine trudnica, liječenje infekcija bilo je neodgovarajuée.