Psychological care involves caring for the patient's psychological needs using a range of skills such as listening, perceiving, communicating, and empathizing, with the ultimate res of alleviating human suffering. The nurse spends the most time with the psychiatric patient; she is with the patient from his admission to the hospital, during his stay, until he leaves the hospital. Observing the patient's behavior, she determines problems in health care. In order for a nurse to solve this problem, she must be educated, experienced in her professional vocation, and have a good knowledge of the healthcare process, because that is the only way she can make an appropriate plan and choose the most appropriate interventions. In addition to knowing the process of health care, a nurse must also be extremely patient and possess certain communication skills due to the nature of the illnesses of patients suffering from psychiatric disorders. Therapeutic communication is actually the core and essence of all interactions between a nurse and a patient. It is often stated that it is the nurse who takes care of the psychiatric patient and who has the most face-to-face contact with patients. The nurse deals with the total personality of the psychiatric patient, and therefore she applies models that make the assessment of the patient's needs the basis of health care. The main goal of this scientific review is to investigate and analyze the role of psychiatric nursing as an indispensable element in nursing practice, explore its importance for improving the quality of health care and patient well-being, and provide guidelines for the integration of psychiatric nursing in nursing practice.

Objective. Aging is characterized by the loss of abilities in the psychological and physical sense. Detailed assessment of cognitive status may enable early identification of high-risk patients who are candidates for dementia. The aim of this research was to examine the cognitive status of elderly people over 65 years of age living in the community and potential risk factors that contribute to the onset of dementia. Methods. The research was designed according to the principle of a cross-sectional study. The research used a general questionnaire, subjective and objective assessment of respondents, Mini Kog assessment. The ch2 square test was used for statistical tests. The usual value of p<0.05 was taken as the level of statistical significance. Results. Females (80.2%) had better cognitive status than males (84.6%) (ch2 =0.189; p=0.664). Respondents with the lowest level of education (primary school) had a worse cognitive status (23.5%) compared to 13.3% of respondents with an intermediate level of education (ch2 =9.139; p=0.010). 8.8% of respondents who socialize with friends had a good cognitive score compared to 0% of respondents with a good cognitive score who do not socialize with friends (ch2 =18.243; p=0.000), also, the cognitive status was worse in those respondents who used different aids (75%) versus 17% of those who do not use different aids for their functional mobility (ch2 =8.832; p=0.003). Conclusion. Dementia is present in a high percentage among elderly people. The level of education and the use of aids are potential risk factors for the onset of dementia.

Aging implies a process during which changes occur in the function of all organic systems in the human body. For a detailed assessment of the health status of an elderly person, a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is recommended. CGA is defined as a multidisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic approach that enables the identification of medical, psychosocial and functional limitations of an elderly person, all with the aim of developing a coordinated plan to improve the health of the elderly person. The aim of this review was to point out the significance, comprehensiveness, applicability and prognostic significance of geriatric assessment based on data from recent literature and by searching available electronic databases. Studies were collected from the electronic databases MEDLINE (via Ovid), Pubmed, COBSON database and Google Scholar database, as well as by manual search of relevant studies cited in the references of key articles. The search for papers as a whole is limited to the English language. All studies that used a comprehensive geriatric assessment in their methodology, in elderly people over 65 years of age, were included. CGA is very important for the elderly, for their families, health systems of countries, health professionals as well as the social community. Interventions resulting from a CGA are one way to improve the performance of activities of daily living in elderly patients. CGA has numerous advantages in practice, it is comprehensive, applicable, economically relatively acceptable and as such can be routinely implemented at different levels of health care. CGA has a high prognostic significance for the early detection of multimodal problems in the geriatric population.

Objective. Long-term care represents a series of health and social care services that are provided at home or in an institutional environment to people with reduced functional capacity (reduced physical and/or cognitive abilities) who need support in performing daily activities, and who depend on the help of others for a long time period. The goal of the research was to examine the quality of life of users with long-term health care, with a special focus on comparing the quality of life between people placed institutionally and outside of the institution. Methods. The research was designed according to the principle of a cross-sectional study. In the research, a general questionnaire and a scale for assessing the quality of life Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) were used. Among the statistical tests, the ch2 square test was used. The usual value of p<0.05 was taken as the level of statistical significance. Results. Subjects who were institutionalized had statistically significantly lower values of domains and summary scores of quality of life compared to subjects whose health care took place outside of institutions, whereby the difference was observed in physical functioning (p<0.001), social functioning (p=0.003) and mental health summary score (p=0.015). Conclusion. Users of long-term health care placed in an institution had significantly worse physical functioning, a higher level of limitations due to physical problems, worse general health, a lower level of social functioning, as well as mental health.

Introduction. A specific characteristic of the elderly is brittleness or fragility, and due to its prevalence, fragility needs to be understood as a public health priority. The aim of the study was to examine the association of functional and anthropometric parameters with fragility in persons over 65 years of age. Method. The study was designed as a cross-sectional study and included 446 elderly people. As research instruments, a general questionnaire was used to assess the functional status of the Tinetti test and, of anthropometric parameters, the circumference of the upper arm and the circumference of the middle part of the lower leg. We used the ch2 test and Pearson's correlation analysis as statistical tests. Results. Females had poorer functional status, walking, and balance compared to males (ch2 = 4.125; p <0.127). It was observed males subjects had higher values of upper arm circumference (26.96 ± 3.44) compared to females, while females had higher values of the middle circumference of the lower leg (32.66 ± 6.29). Analyzing the correlation of anthropometric measurements with the total score of the Tinetti test and in relation to subjects' gender, it was noticed there is a correlation analysis between the parameters. Conclusion. A high percentage of people over the age of 65 have poor functional status, as well as lower values of anthropometric markers, suggesting that they may be potential risk factors for the fragility in the elderly.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global public health problem. It is a complex illness which affects on the medical, psychological and social aspects of life. The aims of this research were to determine the subjective sense quality of life of patients with diabetes mellitus, to determine whether or not there are differences in the quality of life of patients with diabetes mellitus compared to sex, age and place of residence, as well as to determine factors the quality of life of patients with DM. Material and methods: The study was conducted as a crosssectional study of the population of persons with (DM). The sample consisted of 100 respondents, who in the observed period were treated at the Department of Internal Medicine of the University Hospital in Foča. A combined questionnaire consisting of 40 questions was used. The questions in the questionnaire were related to socio-demographic characteristics, hobbies, support of family and friends of patients, eating habits, as well as the presence of comorbidities. The HolmesRahe Stress Scale and the Subjective Assessment of Well-Being Scale (SVB Life Satisfaction Scale) were also included in the questionnaire. Results: Among the respondents there were 48 (48%) men and 52 (52%) women. Respondents rated their satisfaction with the quality of life, with an average score of 6.68 ± 1.72. Younger respondents have significantly better quality of life (7.09 ± 1.91) compared to the older group of subjects 6.35 ± 1.50. Also, respondents who living in the city are significantly satisfied with their quality of life (6.95 ± 1.80) compared to respondents who lives in the countryside (6.14 ± 1.45). Respondents with secondary education (30%) are significantly satisfied with their quality of life compared to respondents without primary school (13%), with elementary school (3%) or with higher education (12%). Conclusion: People with diabetes their own quality of life estimates with satisfactory grades.

Introduction. According to the data of the World Health Organization (WHO), mental illnesses are on the rise. The World Health Report estimates that today about 1 billion people suffer from mental and behavioral disorders or psychosocial problems such as those related to alcohol and drug abuse. Stigmatization of the mentally ill is one of the burning social problems of those people, and the attitudes and behavior of nurses/technicians significantly affect the self-stigmatization of patients, and thus their condition and recovery. The main aim of this study was to assess attitudes of nurses and nursing students towards patients with mental illnesses. Method. The research conducted is a cross-sectional study. The study covered two countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. In June and July 2018, 200 nurses and nursing students from the second to the fourth year of study were surveyed. Data were collected with original anonymous questionnaires, which was made for the purpose of this research. Results. Seventy percent of nurses believe that people with mental illness are discriminated against in our society, while there are statistically significant differences between respondents in relation to demographic characteristics (ch2 = 10.217; p = 0.037). Nurses working in psychiatric wards show a lower level of stigmatization compared to nurses working in other wards (ch2 = 25.553; p = 0.001). Nursing students have more negative attitudes towards mentally ill people compared to nurses (ch2 = 13.471; p = 0.009). Nurses from Serbia show a higher level of tolerance towards people with mental disabilities compared to nurses from Bosnia and Herzegovina (ch2 = 16.115; p = 0.003). Conclusion. The results of the research show that stigmatization of patients with mental illness still exists among health professionals. Undergraduate and continuing medical education of nurses should include more content related to access to the patient with mental disorders, communication skills in psychiatry, mental health promotion and prevention of stigmatization.

Objective. Proper nutrition means satisfying organism's needs for daily intake of energy and adequate amount of nutritional and protective substances which are essential for maintenance of physiological functions of organism and health. The aim of this study was to determine eating habits and nutritional status of school children. Methods. The research was designed as a cross-section study. It was carried out in primary school "Sveti Sava'' in Foča and primary school "Sveti Sava'' in Gacko, branch in Avtovac. The study included 110 pupils aged from 10 to 14 years. As a measuring instrument, anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were used as well as a questionnaire. Results. The questionnaire included primary school pupils of different gender and age. Among the respondents, there were 66 (60%) boys and 44 (40%) girls. Most of the pupils (80,9%) had normal body weight, 48 (43,6%) boys and 41 (37,3%) girls. Among overweight pupils, there was statistically significant larger number of male pupils who were overweight in comparison with female pupils (=8,490; p=0,037). Also, there was statistically significant larger number of overweight pupils from urban environment in comparison with pupils from the rural one (ch2=8,614; p=0,035). Most of the pupils regularly have breakfast (50,9%). There is statistical significance in that larger number of children from urban environment consume fast food daily in comparison with children from rural environments (ch2=10,187; p=0,006). Conclusion. Eating habits of the elementary school children are not satisfying, being reflected in frequent skipping of breakfast, overconsumption of sandwiches, snacks and candies, while healthy foods, such as fish and vegetables are deficient in nutrition.

The concept of proper nutrition implies meeting the needs of the body concerning daily energy intake and a sufficient amount of nutrients and protective substances necessary to maintain the physiological functions of the body and its health. Nutrients are divided into macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Accelerated growth and development during adolescence increase nutrient requirements. Therefore, energy and nutrition requirements must meet the needs of adolescents. During their growth and development, there is an increased need for vitamins and minerals, especially for calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin D. During intensive growth, adolescents require more vitamins, especially B-complex vitamins and vitamin C, the intake of calcium and phosphorus is necessary as well, and the insufficient needs for proteins affect the development of muscles and energy levels. Proper nutrition and eating habits during the period of growth are of the utmost importance for the appropriate physical, psychosocial and cognitive growth and development of a child. Eating disorders usually occur as a result of low or high energy intake, and the most common types of these disorders are anemia, anorexia and bulimia, obesity and comorbidities, and poor eating habits. When it comes to the implementation of various programs concerning the prevention of bad eating habits and eating disorders, the school management, expert teams and student parents should bear the overall responsibility. Once or twice a year, preventive check-ups and BMI measurements are recommended to identify eating disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Internet addiction is a topic that is widely debated in scientific circles and the media. Students spend a lot of time in content-related activities online, neglecting common activities such as socializing, business obligations, learning, home affairs, etc., and have difficulty interrupting internet activities, even when they themselves recognize it is time for it. AIM: The aim of this research was to investigate Internet addiction among students of the Medical Care, Faculty of Medicine in Foca. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research was conducted at the Medical Faculty in Foca in the period from 07.11. until 09.11.2016. year with health care students. The selected study design is a cross section study. The study covered 60 students, the first, second and third year of studies that were present on the days of the study and volunteered to participate in the research. RESULTS: The survey involved 60 respondents, of whom 21 are men (35%) and 39 women (65%), ages 18 to 24 years old. All of our respondents are Internet users. The largest percentage of respondents (66.7%) use the internet for 2 to 4 hours. The largest number of respondents first accessed the Internet at the age of 13 (21.7%). Most respondents use Facebook as a social network 56 (93.3%), while the least number of Twitter users. CONCLUSION: All of our respondents are Internet users, and the largest percentage of respondents (66.7%) use the internet for 2 to 4 hours. The largest number of respondents first accessed the Internet at the age of 13 (21.7%).

Cilj. Studija je sprovedena da utvrdi navike u ishrani kod zdravstvenih i prosvjetnih radnika u radi bližeg uvida u nutritivni obrazac kod ovih profesija, što bi unapredilo teorijska znanja u ovoj oblasti i planiranje i sprovođenje preventivnih mera u ciljnim populacionim grupama. Metode. Svi zdravstveni radnici zaposleni u Domu zdravlja ,,Dr Nika Labović”u Beranama i svi zaposleni prosvjetni radnici u Osnovnoj školi ,,Vuk Kardžić“ u Beranama su popunili anketu o ishrani. Podaci su prikupljeni prospektivno i analizirani metodama deskriptivne statistike i testiranja hipoteze. Rezultati. Ukupno je bilo 180 odraslih ispitanika oba pola (109 zdravstvenih i 71 prosvetni radnik), u životnom dobu od 43.70±11.90 (srednja vrednost±standardna devijacija) u grupi zdravstvenih radnika i 42.29±10.90 godine u grupi prosvetnih radnika. Nije bilo statistički značajne razlike između grupa u vrsti masnoća za pripremanje hrane, učestalost pripremanje hrane kod kuće, prosječnom broj kašika šećera za šolju kafe ili čaja, dodavanje soli hrani tokom obroka i upotrebi mlijeka. Zdravstveni radnici su značajno češće imali jutarnji obrok (79 vs 42, χ2=3.444, p=0.045), veći broj šolja kafe dnevno (3.17±1.23 vs 2.67±0.98, F=7.330, p=0.008) a manje prosječan broj kriški hljeba koji nije ražani i bjeli na dnevnom niovu (2.00±1.38 vs 3.06±1.53, F=5.292, p=0.027).

Introduction A fully portable infection is a public-health problem of great importance in most of the world. Infections that are transmitted by sexual contact make up a large group of diseases caused by various microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi and protozoa. The most common sexually transmitted infections (PPIs) are: chlamydia, gonorrhea, Hepatitis B, AIDS, HPV infections, and others.Method The conducted research is a type of cross section study. In December of the month, 113 students of Foča SSC were interviewed from the first to the fourth year. The survey used an anonymous character questionnaire.Results 35.4% of respondents were sexually active. Young men are sexually considerably more active than girls (χ2 = 30,447; p = 0,000). The majority of sexually active students stated that the first sexual intercourse was at the age of 15 (10.6%). Men and girls have diametrically opposite attitudes to the age in which they consider optimal time to start sexual activity (χ2 = 20,252; p = 0,000). Students in the third and fourth grade have a significantly higher level of knowledge than students of the first and second (χ2 = 31,791; p = 0,000). Most students would continue to associate with a person who knows that she has one of sexually transmitted diseases (64.6%).Conclusion The results of this paper show that the sexual activity of the adolescents examined is not a mass phenomenon, but that the knowledge of pupils of the first and second grades is insufficient, and that there is a need for education of this target group, considering the importance of preserving the reproductive health of adolescents, which are the future of preserving the population.

INTRODUCTION: Per year more people die from diabetic and vascular diseases (KVD) than from any other cause. Risk factors of the KVD are numerable and have a cumulative effect. The results of past studies shows that smoking cigarettes plays a key role in the development of KVD. THE AIM OF THE RESEARCH: Determine to the influence of smoking in health and education workers on development of the cardiovascular diseases. RESPONDENTS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH: Research was conducted to the type of section study in the population of health and education workers in the Berane municipality. The sample was composed of 109 health workers and 71 educational workers. In the research was participated all health workers employed in the Health Center 'Dr Nika Labovic' in Berane and all educational worker employed in the Primary school ,,Vuk Karadžic' in Berane. In the research was used the questionnaire, and the data was collected prospectively. As implementing instruments for research were used questionnaires: 'Work related stress' and 'Cindy'. χ square and ANOVA test were used for statistical data processing. RESEARCH RESULTS: The average age of health workers was 43.70 ± 11.90 years, while the average age of educational workers was 42.29 ± 10.90 years. More than half of health and education workers said that smoking. 36.7% of health workers and 39.4% of educational workers smoked daily. In the group of educational workers, the highest percentage of respondents (49.3%) are almost never exposed to tobacco smoke at work. In relation to health workers, educational workers are significantly worried about health effects of smoking. CONCLUSION: In the health and education workers of Berane municipality, smoking is a significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases.

Introduction: Burnout syndrome is the answer to chronic, emotional and interpersonal stressors who are related to the workplace. It is characterized by mental or emotional exhaustion, a feeling of fatigue and depression with a more emphasis on psychological than physical symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of burnout syndrome among nurses at the JZU General Hospital Nisic and JZU Health Center Niksic. Material and methods: The research is designed to the type of section study. The study included 100 nurses at the General Hospital Niksic and the Health Center Niksic, different of sex, age, level of education and years of work. The data was collected by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (BMI), consisting of 22 questions posed as a series of claims that are evaluated, using the Likert scale (0-6). Results: Of the total number of respondnents in 36%, there is a burnout syndrome measured by the total MBI score, compared to 64% of subjects with no burnout syndrome. With the help of MBI scale it was found that 8% of respondents have a high level of emotional exhaustion, 38% have a middle level, and the remaining 53% of nurses and technicians have a low level. Conclusion: Based of the results of this research, we can conclude that sex and age of nurses / technicians do not affect the occurrence of a professional burnout syndrome. The nurses / technicians working in primary health care in a significantly lower percentage have a mean level of depersonalization. Also, nurses / technicians with longer length of service show a low level of personal success (achievements).

Objective. The public image of nursing appears as a positive but has a negative aspect as well. It is based on myths, misconceptions and stereotypes, which may influence the choice of nursing as a profession, the employment and the work of nurses. The aim of this study is to explore what the attitudes and opinions of students about health care identity and respectability of the profession are, the role of the health care team, possibility to leave the country and satisfaction with nursing positions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods. The study was designed according to the type of cross-sectional study. An epidemiological survey was conducted at the Medical Faculty in Foca during the period 1st to 31st May 2017. The study included 60 students of nursing from the first to the fourth-year, students of different gender and age from 19 to 24 years, who, at the time of examination, attended study. Results. Most respondents, 90% are women, while the study involved only 10% of male students. Of the total num­ber of examined nursing students, 43.4% disagree or generally disagree with the statement that other members of the team value nurses. The highest percentage of subjects (93.4%) agrees with the statement that the continuous improvement is required. Ninety percent of respondents agree with the state­ment that the nurses' job is just as responsible as the other members of the healthcare team. When it comes to the desire to go abroad, the majority (86.6%) would like to do so. Conclusion. Based on the survey results, we can conclude that among students prevail discontent with the position of a nurse in the healthcare team and the country, as well as the great interest in going abroad.