In the study, the development of physiotherapy was described through the history and education in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) with a special review on the significance of physiotherapy as a health-care discipline and the display of its development to the academic level of education in BiH.

Introduction: The dietary supplements are defined as vitamins and minerals or herbal products and are typically given in the form of a capsule or tablet. The nonsmokers are more attempted to use dietary supplements than individuals who smoke. Aim: In our investigation, we examined associations between vitamin B, folic acid, multivitamin or mineral intake among the student population and their correlation with smoking prevalence and drinking coffee. Materials and methods: We used a questionnaire to examine the general characteristics of the subjects, age, sex, their lifestyle, cigarette smoking, coffee intake and their use of dietary supplements. Data were collected from participants of the University of Sarajevo and a longitudinal study of 960 men and women aged 18-24 years from 2017 to 2018 was conducted. Results: The results showed that 32% of students took vitamin B supplements and 10% folic acid. In opposite, more than half of students took multivitamins (59.5%) and minerals (60.4%) less than one year. About a quarter or less took multivitamins (23.9%) and minerals (24.3%) for years. Less than 20% of students took multivitamins and minerals within a period of one year. In student population smoking prevalence was estimated at 21.2% and coffee intake in 71.2%. The smoking and use of vitamin B supplements were independent of each other, p = 0.201. The use of folic acid did not depend on smoking p = 0.501. There were no observed correlations between multivitamin and mineral supplement consumption compared to smoking status or drinking coffee. Conclusion: Deficient dietary intake of folic acid and B vitamins from food and supplemental sources appear to be one of the atherosclerosis incidences. Further studies should examine associations between dietary supplements intake and lifestyle of students, as well as smoking status and coffee intake.

Introduction: Dietary supplements are an important source of vitamins and minerals that may help prevent several disease-causing biological pathways involved in one-carbon metabolism, including the suppression of cell proliferation, oxidative stress, nitric oxide synthesis, and angiogenesis. The present study aimed to assess the association between the intake of folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, and minerals and the consumption of alcohol among university students. Methods: This study was participated by students aged 19-22 years from the University of Sarajevo between 2017 and 2018. Using a questionnaire, we interviewed in a week them to collect information regarding age, socio-economic status, alcohol consumption, and dietary supplement intake. Then, we investigated the association between the baseline intake of folate, B vitamins, and minerals and that of alcohol consumption. Results: Most students consumed Vitamin B supplements (32%) and folic acid (10%). Dietary multivitamins and minerals were less prevalent in more than a year, accounting for 186 (23.9%) and 174 (24.3%) students, respectively, than those in less than a year. In a year, <20% of students consumed multivitamins 129 (16.6%) and minerals 116 (15.3%). Meanwhile, 256 (27.1%) students consumed alcohol. The Chi-square test of independence showed that drinking habits and the intake of such dietary supplements had no association (p > 0.05). Conclusion: An extremely low percentage of the participating students in Canton Sarajevo used dietary supplements of Vitamin B, folate, multivitamins, and minerals. Moreover, alcohol consumption and dietary supplement intake were not associated. Further research is needed to establish the best cost-effective public health system to achieve a sufficient intake of dietary supplements.

Introduction:  Identification of the risk factors that can be modified is an essential aspect in the development of the effective strategy for therapeutic intervention with the purpose to improve mobility and injury prevention and post-fall consequences. This research aimed to analyze the impact of programmed therapeutic exercises on the fall risk factors in the elderly. Methods: We included 260 patients older than 65 years, and assigned them randomly into three groups. Group A: 65 patients subjected to therapeutic exercises for moderate-intensity muscle strengthening with Theraband stretch straps (corresponding to 11-14 on the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale). Group B: 65 patients subjected to therapeutic anti-gravity exercises. Control group: 130 patients not participating in programmed therapeutic exercises. Presence of fall risk factors was assessed in all three groups with standardized Fast Evaluation of Mobility, Balance, and Fear test (FEMBAF) before the initiation of therapy, after three and after six months of treatment. Results: At the end of the study, the subjects of the group A had significantly fewer limitations in performing basic life activities at home compared to the patients of the control and Group B, p = 0.037. The control group subjects were statistically significantly more likely to complain of vertigo than subjects of the experimental groups, p = 0.021. The subjects of the experimental groups had more than two falls than the control group subjects, p = 0.003 statistically. In the control group, the number of fractures after the fall at the end of the study increased significantly, statistically higher than in the subjects of the experimental groups, P = 0.037. Conclusion: Programmed therapeutic exercise significantly reduces the risk of falling factors, and significant effects have been achieved among subjects who have exercised with elastic strips.

Introduction: Dry needling is a therapeutic procedure using the insertion of thin needles through the skin into myofascial trigger points (MTrPs), muscular or connective tissue with the aim to reduce pain intensity. The objective of this systematic review is to analyze the literature for the efficacy of the dry needle technique in pain reduction in conditions of musculoskeletal pain caused by MTrPs. Reference Sources: Web of Science, Scopus and EBSCOhost database were searched for studies and e-books published from January 2010 to December 2018. Studies Selection: We included randomized controlled studies, prospective and longitudinal studies, and case studies which analyzed the efficacy of dry needling for musculoskeletal pain reduction. Data Extraction Method: The studies, which satisfied criteria for inclusion were further analyzed. The primary instrument of the evaluation was pain intensity analyses. Results: Dry needling treatment is efficient in pain intensity reduction in patients who suffer musculoskeletal pain and is more efficient compared to sham dry needling treatment. In addition, different techniques of dry needling are efficient in the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome. Conclusion: Based on systematic review of the literature, dry needling, independently or as an addition to other intervention, is recommended for treatment of musculoskeletal pain conditions caused by myofascial trigger points. Various techniques of dry needling treatment are almost equally efficient in myofascial pain intensity reduction.

Introduction: Shoulder pain is the most common form of extra-articular rheumatism. We aimed to determine the efficiency of the conventional physical treatment of the shoulder pain compared to the conventional treatment plus the Mulligan's joint mobilization technique and acupuncture. Methods: We included a total of 277 patients with the shoulder pain caused by adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder), calcific tendinitis, rotator cuff syndrome, or the tendinitis of the biceps muscle. We used clinical and radiological diagnostic criteria to make the diagnosis. Patients were assigned into group treated with conventional physiotherapy treatment during the ten days (CP)(n=148), and the group treated with conventional physiotherapy treatment plus the Mulligan joint mobilization and acupuncture (CP+MA)(n=128). Treatment efficiency was evaluated by assessing the status of the patients before and after the treatment with the Work Abilities and Activities of Daily Living (WAADL) scale as well as the Treatment Success scale. Results: Mean treatment duration was 13.36±5.83 and 10.86±4.55 days in CP and CP+MA group, respectively (p<0.05). Mean WAADL scores after the treatment were 3.98±1.04 and 4.61±1.10 in CP and CP+MA group, respectively (p<0.05). Mean Treatment success score was 3.16±0.74 and 4.35±0.78 in CP and CP+MA group, respectively (p< 0.05). Conclusions: Conventional physical therapy plus the Mulligan's joint mobilization technique and acupuncture resulted in shorter treatment duration and higher WAADL and Treatment success scores in patients with shoulder pain.

Introduction: Rheumatic diseases are nonsurgical diseases of the locomotor system and connective tissue. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease of connective tissue of unknown cause, with progressive chronic or subacute course. The aim of the research is to determine whether stationary spa treatment leads to improvement of the functional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: We included 35 patients with diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, referred for treatment at the spa " Ilidža " Gradacac from February to April 2014. Patients not adhering to treatment protocols were excluded. We used Visual analogue pain scale (VAS), HAQ questionnaire and assessment of the clinical condition before and after the treatment based on the scores 1-5.Results: There were 32 female and 3 male patients. The average age was 62.28±8.31 years. Based on the HAQ, 12 patients had no difficulties, 9 of them perform activities with little difficulties, 10 with many difficulties, and 4 patients cannot perform certain activities. Before treatment VAS was 6.63±2.36, and after treatment the 2.51±2.27. Ratings of clinical condition before treatment was 2.38±0.74, and after the treatment 3.64±0.98. The most frequently used therapies were kinesitherapy, magnetotherapy and interferential electricity. Conclusions: Stationary treatment at the spa „Ilidža“ Gradacac leads to an improvement of the functional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), once known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy, Sudeck's dystrophy and causalgia, is a pain syndrome with indistinctive pathophysiology and unpredictable clinical course. CRPS can develop after a limb fracture, injury or damage to the peripheral or central nervous system. The diagnosis of CRPS is based on the signs and symptoms obtained from the medical history and physical examination. The disease is often resistant to treatment, and its course is not always favorable. A brief overview of this clinical entity is presented, and most relevant and up-to-date information is discussed.

Introduction: Degenerative joint disease, which is standardized in Europe by the name of arthrosis or osteoarthrosis, while in the Anglo-Saxon literature is in use for a long time by the name of osteoarthritis (OA) although this is not a classical inflammation,is the most common joint disease in general and the most common cause of functional damage of the musculoskeletal system. Recently, the term osteoarthritisappears more frequently in domestic literature. Arthroses are degenerative joint diseases with progressive character, also one of the most frequent diseases in orthopedics. The disease fi rst affects the articular cartilage, then the bony edges of the articular surfaces, and then the articular lining.Methods: Retrospective analysis and evaluation of data of treated patients, with the "Praxis" physical treatment during the period of time from 2000 to the end of 2010 on a sample of 79 patients,valorized the efficacy of Praxis treatment. The  correlation of these results, with valorisation of the efficacy of standard physical treatment in clinics D.Z. " Novi Grad " on a sample of 81 patients, during the period of time from 2000 to the end of 2010, a statistical analysis was performed for comparing the effi cacy of the two methods.Results: There is a functional difference after therapy of bilateral gonarthrosis in clinics D.Z. "Novi Grad" and "Praxis" with statistical reliability.Conclusion: A combined approach in the treatment of knee arthrosis has a wider range of treatment procedures, comprehensively approaches to the problem and gives better results, so we can say that this method has priority compared to the standard approach to the knee arthrosis treatment.

Introduction: De Quervain᾽s disease is a stenosing tenosynovitis of common tendon sheath of abducktor policis longus and extensor policis brevis muscles. Due to the superficial positions it can easily lead tomechanical injuries of tendons and their sheaths. The disease more often affects women over 40 years old and people with certain professions who intensively use hand and fingers in their daily work. Pathologicalchanges consist of sheath᾽s fibrous layer thickening. The clinical condition develops gradually with the pain of varying intensity. It is localized above the radial styloid process and radiates from the back side of thethumb. The aim is to determine the efficacy of physical therapy at De Quervain᾽s disease.Methods: The study was conducted on 50 patients with De Quervain's disease who were reported to the CBR "Praxis" Sarajevo. With retrospective analysis the data was processed for the period from 01.01.2001. to 31.12.2011. year. Before the initiation of physical therapy assessment of functional status scored from 0 to 6 was performed. In the chronic phase physical therapy was performed, after which it underwent assessment of therapy success scores of 0-5. Criteria for inclusion in the study were patients with confirmed De Quervain's disease, patients of both sex and of all ages, and criterion for exclusion was non-compliance withtreatment protocols.Results: In the CBR "Praxis" with De Quervain᾽s disease total of 50 patients were treated in that period, of which 34 women and 16 men. 38% of respondents received a score of 4, while 56% of patients at the end oftreatment received a score of 5.Conslusion: Physical therapy and kinesiotherapeutical procedures have greatly contributed to the elimination of symptoms and consequences of De Quervainove disease.

Introduction: Osteoporosis is a progressive metabolic bone disease characterized by reduction of mineral density of bone, which leads to reduction of bone firmness, increased fragility and increased risk of bonefractures. The aims of this study were to determine the age structure and average values of BMI in female patients with a diagnosis of osteoporosis and osteopenia, to determine the value of T-score before and aftertherapy, and to show a correlation of frequency of fractures in relation to already given diagnosed and the presence of menopause.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 50 female respondents with diagnosis of osteoporosis and osteopenia. Included female respondents underwent densitometry or ultrasound screening method ofheels in which high degree of osteopenia and osteoporosis is detected.Results: The average age of the female respondents included in this study was 48.06 ± 11.97 years and all the respondents were in the category of women with normal body weight. There is a difference in the values of T-score of respondents with osteoporosis compared to osteopenia. Value of T-score decreases in relation to increase of number of years, so the older female respondents had lower values of T-score.Conclusion: The incidence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was higher among active working female respondents in menopause. Respondents with osteoporosis had lower values of T-score, physical and medicamenttherapy in combination led to improvement of T-score. Female respondents with a low value of T-score, with diagnosis of osteoporosis and in menopause, mostly had bone fractures.