Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of deep water running in older adults according to the collected and analyzed research papers published in the period from 1990 to 2011. Methods: The following research bases have been used for the collection of research papers in which DWR was used as a form of exercise in water: Medline, Google schoolar, PEDroPhysiotherapy Evidence Database, Web of Science and Sportdiscus. While searching the bases of data the following key words were used:”deep water running“, ”deep water run“, ”deep water walking“ and ”aqua jogging“. The obtained titles of research papers, abstracts and whole texts were then read and analyzed by two independent reviewers. Results: Out of all analyzed research papers, the 10 papers met the established criteria: research must be a longitudinal study and the upper age limit of examinees must be 60 years of age and older. According to this review, a small number of collected papers (10) reflect a deficit of information in the scientific research regarding deep water running of older

The aim of this study was to compare and examine the functional status between urban and rural community-dwelling elderly people. Four hundred ninty five subjects (mean age: 67.84±6.56 years, body height: 170.27±10.07 cm ; body weight: 75.31±13.16 kg) were included in this study, 168 were from rural area (34%) and 327 from urban area (66%). To determine the trend of changes of anthropometric parameters and physical fitness in people aged over 60, we used Senior Fitness Test (SFT) and basic morphological parameters. There was statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between subjects of urban (-6.96±10.02 cm) and rural (-11.55±10.49 cm) area in parameters of flexibility. Respondents are most different in terms of strength in upper extremities. Better results were observed in rural subjects then in urban (16.32±6.57 vs. 15.21±5.29 repetitions). From the demographic data, we were able to see that the composition of the urban and rural population is not much different.

The aim of this study was to analyze an age- related decline in the physical activity level of older women. The research was conducted on a sample of 694 female participants (mean age 69.23±7.81 years, body mass 69.74±12.44 kg, body height 165.17±23.12cm, BMI 69.74±12.44 kg/m2- Mean ±SD). For the age-group comparisons we subdivided the sample into young-old group (354 participants aged 60-69 years) and old-old group (340 participants aged 70-80 years). In this research, the long form of the IPAQ questionnaire for self- evaluation was used containing four types of Physical Activity: work-related, transportation, housework/gardening and leisure-time activities. The three levels of physical activity suggested for classifying the populations are low, moderate, and high. The results show that moderate physical activity is dominant and accounts for almost half the energy consumed regardless of one’s age category. If we consider the type of physical activity, the results indicate that there is a significant difference (p<0.05) between young-old and old-old participants in the Total walking MET and Total vigorous MET. Among elderly women, the value of MET in total physical activity, as well as in moderate and vigorous activity, significantly reduces. Our research has shown that, overall, the young-old group is more physically active than the old-old group.

Aim The aim of this review paper was to determine the effects of physical exercise on reducing body weight and body composition of persons between 40 and 64 years of age on the basis of collected data and analyzed papers published between 1998 and 2010 year. Methods Literature search was made using the following search bases: MEDLINE, Google Scholar, CINHAL, EMBASE, Kobson, DOAJ. Papers were selected based on several criteria. The reduction of body mass and body composition were particularly emphasized, that subjects were not suffering from other diseases except they were obese and that study only involves physical activity (exercise) and physical activity combined with diet during weight reduction of obese. In addition to the request that study included middle-aged people between 40 and 64 year and that they were over-weight (BMI> 25 kg/m2) or obese (BMI> 30 kg/m2), was the criteria that study was longitudinal. Results The combination of exercise (either aerobic or resistance training) and diet has shown the best results in the reduction of body weight. Statistically significant differences (p <0.01) was not found between continuous and interval work when the volume and intensity of exercise was equal. Conclusion Moderate physical activity for middle aged people (40-64 year) in combination with reduced calorie intake has positive impact on body fat and body weight reduction.

With the aim of analyzing the dependence of indicators of functional fitness on the body weight of the elderly, a battery of the Senior Fitness Test was used (Rikli & Jones, 2001), which consists of the 8-Foot Up-and-Go, Back Scratch, Chair Sit-and- Reach, 2-Minute Step Test, 30-Second Chair Stand, and the Arm Curl. The sample of subjects consisted of 59 males and 60 females, aged from 65 to 70. On the basis of the Body Mass Index (BMI) the subjects were divided into two groups, depending on gender: individuals with normal body weight and individuals with increased body weight. In order to calculate the statistical significance of the differences between the groups, we used a single factor analysis, the ANOVA (the conclusions were all made at the 0.05 level of significance). On the basis of the discussion of the obtained results, it was concluded that the statistically significant difference between the indicators of functional fitness depending on body weight, in favor of individuals with normal body weight in the case of the subsamples consisting of men and women.

The aim of this study was to determine the basic anthropometric characteristics and body composition of elderly persons between 60 and 80 years of age on the basis of data collection and analyzed papers published between the years 1990 and 2011. Literature search was conducted using the following bases: MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Kobson and DOAJ. The selection was based on criteria related to age which participants belong (60-80 years), than that study was related to body composition and anthropometric parameters, and that it was not conducted on a participants with chronic disease. The study included 28 research studies which met all the criteria for selection. Body composition in elderly people between 60 and 80 years could be influenced by the genetic potential, early growth and development, differences in socio-economic status, health status, as well as by geographic region and ethnic group affiliation. Aging is associated with a higher percentage of body fat and body fat redistribution. Redistribution of fat, predominantly from lower-body to subcutaneous fat in the abdominal and visceral part is the most frequent in the elderly despite an apparent decrease of BMI. This phenomenon mainly occurs due to changes in total adiposity and changes in body weight.

The aim of the research was to determine the nature of the relation between the anthropometric characteristics and coordination skills on a sample of girls and boys. A total of 91 boys and 85 girls made up the sample of subjects. They were all first grade elementary school students from Ms. We used three measures for the evaluation of longitudinal dimensionality (body height, leg length, and arm length), three measures for the evaluation of transversal dimensionality (shoulder width, pelvic width and hip width), five measures for the evaluation of circular dimensionality and body mass (body weight, thorax volume, upper arm volume, thigh volume and calf volume) and five measures for the evaluation of subcutaneous fatty tissue (triceps skin folds, subscapular skin folds, abdominal skin folds, thigh skin folds and medial calf skin folds). The following measuring instruments were used for the evaluation of coordination skills: horizontal jump rope, 20 side steps with a baton, and running and rolling (a newly constructed test). A multivariate analysis of variance showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the coordination skills of the boys and girls at the p=0.003 level. There is no statistically significant connection between the anthropometric characteristics and coordination skills for the sample of boys, while there is one for the girls. The resulting canonical factor of anthropometric characteristics was defined as the factor of transversal dimensionality, circular dimensionality and subcutaneous fatty tissue, and the canonical factor of coordination skills was defined as the general factor of coordination.

By surveillance of growth and development of pupils from the enrollment in the elementary school until the finishing of elementary and secondary school it is possible to assess regularities in this developmental period. by means of anthropometrical measuring we obtain data on growth and development of the same age pupils measured more than 20 years ago and thus we can reach a conclusion about the acceleration in their growth and development. This paper aims at definition of differences in developmental characteristics of the pupils aged 10 measured in 1985 and 2007. Anthropometric measures were performed by standard instruments according to the recommended methodology of the International Biological Program (IBP). Definition of differences was done by T-test. The research results show that the pupils measured in 2007 have bigger longitudinal, transfersal and circular body dimension in relation to the same age pupils measured in 1985. .

Nature activities class has a goal to familiarize students, future physical education teachers, with possibilities and contents of organized stay in nature so as with use of nature as a physical education tool. Learning basic nature residence skills, which could be used for teaching and every day's life. Practical teaching for third year students of the Faculty of Physical Education is organized every year in June at lakeside or seaside, for the duration of ten days. Students are engaged in the activities five classes every day. Repetitive arms and explosive legs power is tested before and after realized activities so that the differences in mobility could be tracked, but also the influence of the curriculum performed. Results are processed with appropriate statistical methods (t-test), and statistically significant changes were found with variables MSKLE - push-up (p=.046) and MZGIB - pull-up (p=.019). .

This research included 59 women aged 22 to 25, 29 of which made up the experimental group, and 30 the control group. The effects of a recreational aerobic exercise model on the indicators of functional abilities were studied. The experimental model of the recreational aerobic exercise model was realized three times a week, over a period of three months, and the duration of each individual exercise was 60 minutes. The duration of the aerobic part was 35 minutes. The functional abilities were evaluated by means of the following parameters: (1) resting heart rate (the number of heart beats per minute); (2) systolic blood pressure (mmHg); (3) diastolic blood pressure (mmHg); (4) absolute oxygen uptake (l/min); (5) relative oxygen uptake (ml/kg/min). The basic descriptive statistic parameters were calculated for all of the results, and the difference between the initial and final measuring was determined by a canonical-discriminant analysis. The multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and the univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to determine the achieved effects of the exercise. A statistically significant difference was found to exist between the initial and final measuring in regards to the applied variables for the evaluation of functional abilities of the subjects belonging to the experimental group, while there were no statistically significant differences found in the case of the subjects belonging to the control group. The results from the final measuring also indicated that the realized recreational aerobic exercise model had a positive effect on the functional abilities of the female subjects belonging to the experimental group (p=.00). This research supports the existing conclusions about the positive effects of recreational aerobic exercise, on the condition that it is realized with the appropriate intensity, length and duration.

The purpose of this study was to determine the test–retest reliability of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) for older adults in Serbia. Six hundred and sixty older adults (352 men, 53%; 308 women, 47%; mean age 67.65±5.76 years) partici­ pated in the study. To examine test–retest reliability, the participants were asked to complete the IPAQ on two occasions 2 weeks apart. Moderate reliability was observed between the repeated IPAQ, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.53 to 0.91. The least reliability was established in leisure time activity (0.53) and the most reliability in the transport domain (0.91). Men and women had similar intraclass correlation coefficients for total physical activity (0.71 versus 0.74, respectively), while the biggest difference was obtained for housework in men (0.68) and in women (0.90). Our study shows that the long version of the IPAQ is a reli­ able instrument for assessing physical activity levels in older adults and that it may be useful for generating internationally comparable data.