Properties of growth and development of male children and youth were analyzed by the appropriate sample analysis, which involved total of 1.321 domiciles and refugees, on the researched region. This study included 9 successive school "generations", which were presented by chronologically ordered growths ranged from 10.5 to 19.5 years of age. They were analyzed concerning 6 standard and anthrophometrical properties. The analysis of the data gained its primarily based on the scientific elaboration of the noticed situation in the researched part of population in broader sense after one unnatural and extremely unfavourable period in growth and developing process for large majority of mentioned population. The aims of this study were: the analysis and definition of the principle indicators of growth and development of male children and youths in the Tuzla municipality, then 16 years accelerational trend in course of this period of the ontogenesis as well as the differences between domiciles and refugees. Though bad (war) living conditions had negative effects on ontogenesis of tested children and youths, it was established that growth and development of male children and youth in the region tested was going harmoniously and in limits of average European standards. It still seems that bad living conditions caused a temporary lagging behind in the growth and development, so in some growth categories (from 11 to 15 years) mean value increase could be noticed (for one number of tasted parameters) compared to the sample from 1980 year. Refugees presence caused something less mean values for most indicators. Sixteen year's acceleration trend for the most parameters was established in puberty when it was very clearly visible.

A four-year aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina was extremely unfavourable period for growth and development of children and youth. In spite of that, it is established that ontogeny of male children and youth (between 10.5-19.5 years) on the observed region is going well, and it is within the limits at the average European standards. By parallel analysis of growth of domestic and expatriate persons, it is established that the average (sum) values of almost it's all indexes are significantly bigger for domestic (object) inhabitants. However, after the end of growth, they become approximately the same. By comparison of indexes of growth and development of the tested sample and samples from 1980 (of the same population), the soft acceleration trend for majority (indexes) of parameters is established, what is mostly seen in postpuberty age. The tested persons in pre-puberty and puberty age had the same or even less average values comparing to the tested persons from 1980. This is probably a direct result of negative influence of exogenous factors (war vital conditions), which caused temporary stoppage in growth and development in that period of growth when growth is the most intensive. Despite the fact that war life conditions have negatively affected the growth and development of the subjects studied, it has been found that the development of male children and youth, meaning the growth of different parameters on the studied area were in synchrony.

Endothelins; (ET1, ET2 and ET3) are a family of peptides which acts on different smooth muscle preparations inducing a slow long lasting contraction. We investigated the effects of ET 1 modulatory action on adrenergic, cholinergic and serotoninergic transmission on an isolated mouse's stomach with gastric nerves. The endothetin 1 stimulation of the mouse stomach tone was abolished by the specific serotonin antagonist methizergid. This study suggests that endothelin 1 plays a role in the regulation of nonvascular smooth muscle tone. The endothelin effect was dependent on free intracellular Ca++ which can be recruited from an extracellular solution as well as from intracellular stores. Complete reduction of Ca++ from the extracellular solution with a simultaneous depletion of calcium stores abolished endothelin 1 depolarization of BC3H1 cells.

Sine reduced fertility is frequently found in patients with myotonic dystrophy (Mb Steinert) (MD), fertility was studied in patients and their sibs from eight families from Croatian region of Istria. No reduced fertility was observed in authors' sample (w=0.52) as compared to the control group (w=0.63). Greatly reduced fertility was only found in a group of patients with early onset of the disease, indicating the observed anticipation to be inherited to the transmission of myotonic dystrophy. Maternal transmission of MD was found to be related to a more severe form od the disease, especially in patient's sons. The latest onset of the disease with a better clinical status was recorded in the sons of affected fathers. These facts suggested a question of the possible localisation of the regulation genes on the X and/or Y chromosome, which obviously requieres further studies.

Familial cases of vitiligo in 13 families observed by the authors as well as familial cases from the literature were analyzed. The results are presented in four tables. Genetic factors doubtless play a role in the aetiology of this pigmentation anomaly, but the mode of inheritance does not appear to be uniform. This condition seems to be heterogeneous.

The debate concerning the mechanisms underlying the prehistoric spread of farming to Southeast Europe is framed around the opposing roles of population movement and cultural diffusion. To investigate the possible involvement of local people during the transition of agriculture in the Balkans, we analysed patterns of Y-chromosome diversity in 1206 subjects from 17 population samples, mainly from Southeast Europe. Evidence from three Y-chromosome lineages, I-M423, E-V13 and J-M241, make it possible to distinguish between Holocene Mesolithic forager and subsequent Neolithic range expansions from the eastern Sahara and the Near East, respectively. In particular, whereas the Balkan microsatellite variation associated to J-M241 correlates with the Neolithic period, those related to E-V13 and I-M423 Balkan Y chromosomes are consistent with a late Mesolithic time frame. In addition, the low frequency and variance associated to I-M423 and E-V13 in Anatolia and the Middle East, support an European Mesolithic origin of these two clades. Thus, these Balkan Mesolithic foragers with their own autochthonous genetic signatures, were destined to become the earliest to adopt farming, when it was subsequently introduced by a cadre of migrating farmers from the Near East. These initial local converted farmers became the principal agents spreading this economy using maritime leapfrog colonization strategies in the Adriatic and transmitting the Neolithic cultural package to other adjacent Mesolithic populations. The ensuing range expansions of E-V13 and I-M423 parallel in space and time the diffusion of Neolithic Impressed Ware, thereby supporting a case of cultural diffusion using genetic evidence.