INTRODUCTION Anatomical variations in the innervation of intrinsic hand muscle are well known as Martin - Gruber anastomosis (MGA) that spread from the median to the ulnar nerves in the forearm. Although anatomical studies have shown that a crossover of sensory fibers is not rare in forearm MGA, it has been electrophysiologically described only in rare subjects. We hypothesized that the sensory fibers are not rare in MGA, and often follow the motor fibers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study included 59 of subjects with a total of 111 arms, with electrodiagnostically confirmed the presence of MGA on the forearm for motor fibers. In order to demonstrate the presence of sensory fibers in MGA, we stimulated the median nerve at the elbow and recorded the antidromic sensory potential from ulnar innervated digit (5th finger). RESULTS Sensory MGA were present in 42 out of 111 arms (37.8%) with CI 95. There were 54 left hands with motor MGA, of which 18 (33.3%) had sensory fibers MGA, and 57 right hands with motor MGA, and 24 (42.1%) of which had sensory MGA. CONCLUSION This electrophysiologically study demonstrated the high incidence of sensory fibers in MGA anastomosis. Presence of sensory fibers as a possible anatomical variation should be taken into consideration during electroneurography analysis, diagnosis and surgical therapy.

Background: Restrictive measures implemented by governments around the world to control the coronavirus have an impact on communication, especially the communication of the elderly. Objective: The aim for the article is to determine the attitudes of the elderly towards the ways of communication during the COVID 19 pandemic, and to present the challenges faced by the elderly when using digital ways of communication. The goal is also to point out the importance of providing adequate social support to the elderly. Methods: The sample consisted of 71 respondents from Bosnia and Herzegovina, aged over 60 years, divided into two groups. The questionnaire was used to gather information from respondents on their demographic characteristics as well as to examine participants’ attitudes and confidence regarding the manner and risk of communication associated with COVID-19. Results and Discussion: The results of this research showed that the elderly are actively using digital technologies, but that they are largely dissatisfied with their skills in using digital technologies. Most of the information during the COVID 19 pandemic is given to elderly people via television and telephone (video) conversations with family members and friends. 57.7% of the elderly stated that they greatly lacked direct communication, and it turned out that people living in elderly homes were in a slightly more favorable position. As many as 4/5 of the respondents reported feelings of anxiety, fear, loneliness, and depression. Conclusion: The older part of the population (those over 60 years old), especially in developing countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, is facing the challenge of “digitization of communication“. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the elderly are “calling“ for special support and the provision of training and access to technological resources in order to reduce negative psychological consequences and go one step further in creating an “elder-friendly” society.

Rehabilitation must be based on the individual needs and specific goals of the person and must be adapted to his abilities. According to the recommendation of the World Stroke Organization, the team involved in conducting rehabilitation should be multidisciplinary. One of the treatments that are applied within the multidisciplinary approach to a neurological patient is educational-rehabilitation treatment, which is multi-component in nature. Before starting educational-rehabilitation treatment, an educational-rehabilitation clinical assessment is necessary, which aims to detect difficulties caused by impairment; identify potentials and constraints in these areas; determine the specifics, course, and forecasts of difficulties; formulate clear treatment recommendations; form a watch list that will be available to all team members in the process of diagnosis, treatment, education, and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment; and continuously monitor the ability and adaptive behavior of the person. Educational-rehabilitation clinical treatment includes treatment of cognitive abilities, treatment of motor skills, relaxation, treatment of adaptive skills, as well as informing the person about the disease and counseling. This review focuses on some aspects of rehabilitation such as treatment of cognitive and motor disorders, treatment of adaptive skills, relaxation issues, and informing and counseling patients from the perspective of an educational rehabilitator with practical experiences in this area of rehabilitation.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily a disease of the respiratory system but severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may cause several immune-related complications including different neurological disorders, such as myelopathy with paraparesis.In this atypical case a female patient with progressive spastic paraparesis after COVID-19 infection, brisk reflexes and positive Babinski sign, reduced vibratory sensation to the thoracic level, elevated immunoglobulin levels (IgG) in cerebrospinal fluid, but negative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine, is presented. A 57-year-old woman with spastic paraparesis and inability to walk was admitted to our neurological department. About four months before hospitalization, she started feeling numbness and tingling in the feet and lumbar spine area. Gradually, numbness and tingling ascended to the thoracic spine level Th7/8, and she developed weakness mostly in her legs. In the neurological exam she had spastic paraparesis. MRI of the brain, cervical and thoracic spine did not reveal any signal abnormality. Serological testing for SARS-CoV-2 was performed and results were highly positive IgG and IgM+IgA levels. The lumbar puncture finding confirmed the suspicion of immune-related complications after SARS-CoV-2 infection (intrathecal IgG synthesis). This case draws attention to spastic paraparesis or progressive MRI-negative myelitis after SARS-CoV-2 infection, which obviously has immune-mediated pathogenesis that happen in response to the virus or its antibodies. Similarities in spastic paraparesis after human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and SARS-CoV-2 infections were observed. The patient had a good response to corticosteroid therapy and had good recovery.

Background: Neurogenic stuttering is a subtype of acquired stuttering, and it is characterized by disfluencies associated with acquired brain damage. Objective: To provide an insight into pathophysiology, symptomatology, differential diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of neurogenic stuttering through a critical review of the literature. Methods: Studies published during the past and recent years were searched and analyzed on neurogenic stuttering. Results: Neurogenic stuttering is a complex disorder. The pathophysiological mechanism of neurogenic stuttering is not yet fully understood. It appears with several neurological diseases and conditions, and the use of some drugs. Differential diagnosis of neurogenic and psychogenic stuttering is a challenge for clinicians. Treatment usually requires a joint effort from speech therapists and doctors, most often neurologists Conclusion: Although research on neurogenic stuttering can be found in the literature, the complexity of this disorder still requires detailed monitoring and studying to provide the best treatment for patients.

The review outlines the importance of understanding speech and language difficulties that occur among the first symptoms of frontotemporal dementia, as well as the role of speech therapists in the management of people with frontotemporal dementia. Frontotemporal dementia is one of the most common types of dementia in adults under the age of 65. The main variations of frontotemporal dementia are behavioral, progressive nonfluent aphasia, semantic dementia, and logopenic progressive aphasia. Speech and language difficulties are often among the first indicative signs of frontotemporal dementia, and their proper recognition and understanding play a significant role in the differential diagnosis. Speech and language therapists have to be involved both in the diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia and its treatment to provide the highest quality services to people with dementia and their carers.

It is very well known that science is world activity and that there is no good and bad work in the field of scientific research. Nowadays scientific productivity of the individuals, learned societies on regional or state level are measurable parameters. In most of the systems it does include the number of original scientifi papers, quality of journals measured by impact factor and scientific citation index (1-4). There are also additional measurable parameters but for the purpose of this meeting we will avoid discussion about them. New field of scientometrics using the help of impartial and ruthless machines (computers) do help very significantly in evaluation of scientific productivity anywhere in the world. Unfortunately, there are many misused conclusions and interpretation on the data offered by computers. It is clear that some vital important changes are urgently needed. Today’s conference should use rare opportunity having together experts in the field to discuss the problems visible now. This author intends to discuss facts and doubts in writing review articles and chapters in the book (5). Some important flexibility in citation, in particular self citation, should be analyzed. An illustrative examples from author’s own experience will be shown and discussed at the meeting.

s have we learned about the consequences of the COVID-19 16. Javed A: Mental health challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. Book of abstracts of the International Scientific Symponces of the COVID17. & : Mental health challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. tracts of the learned about the consequences of the COVID-19 18. Kes P: Acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19. In: a have we learned about the consequences of the COVID-19 19. Kurjak A: Is the COVID-19 pandemic the end of happy globalization what was the scientific response? In: abstracts of the have we learned about the consequences of the COVID-19s of the have we learned about the consequences of the COVID-19 20. Leonardi F: The Definition of Health: Towards New Perspectives. Int J Health Serv 2018; 48:735-748 21. -Dinar S: Postcovid-19 in children evaluation of immunological and coronary artery status. In: abstracts of the Internation have we learned about the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemi 22. Mesihovic-Dinarevic S & : Post-coronavirus disease 2019 children in Sarajevo-Lessons learnt? J Health Sciences 2021; 11:93 97 23. Muf : Post-COVID-19 syndrome rehabilitation. In: s). Book of have we learned about the consequences of the COVID-19 24. Niki M: The COVID-19 pandemic call to conversion and return to God: a view from the perspective of Catholic theology. Book of abstracts of the International Scientific Symposium consequences of the COVID25. Radmanovi : COVID-19 pandemic shepherd challenges for Orthodox church. I & : "WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC?" INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM ORGANIZED IN TUZLA IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Psychiatria Danubina, 2021; Vol. 33, No. 3, pp 427-437 437 we learned about the consequences of the COVID-19 rajevo, 2021 26. Sinano O: Long-term neuropsychiatric consequences of SARS-CoV infections. Psychiatr Danub 2021; 33(Suppl 3):S309-S317 27. : Association of sense of smell and taste disorders with SARS-CoV-2 infection. of abstracts of the learned about the consequences of the COVID-19 28. & : Covid-19 pandemia: neuropsychiatric comorbidity and consequences. Psychiatr Danub 2020; 32:236-244 29. & Pajev I: The Book of What have we learned about the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic? IANUBIH: Sarajevo, 2021. https://ianubih.ba/2021/10/22/medjunarodni-naucnisimpozij-sta-smo-naucili-o-posljedicama-covid-19pandemije-knjiga-sa/ 30. Seljubac S: COVID-19 pandemics: a test or punishment Islamic perspective. nal consequences of the COVIDSarajevo, 2021 31. : COVID-19: respiratory disorders. In: Sinan O, Hasano International Scien learned about the consequences of the COVID-19 32. : Mother and newborn during the COVID-19 pandemic: between Sci k of abstracts of the e learned about the consequences of the COVID-19 33. Trkanjec Z: COVID-19 and Parkins In: a have we learned about the consequences of the COVID-19 34. Umakanthan S, Sahu P, Ranade AV, Bukelo MM, Rao JS, Abrahao-Machado LF, Dahal S, Kumar H & Kv D: Origin, transmission, diagnosis and management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Postgrad Med J 2020; 96:753-758. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020138234. Epub 2020 Jun 20. PMID: 32563999

Background: The accessory deep peroneal nerve (ADPN) is as an anomalous nerve derived from the superficial peroneal nerve or its branch and supplies motor innervations for extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) and sensory innervations for the lateral part of the ankle and foot regions. It is the most common anomalous innervation present in the lower limb. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ADPN electrophysiologically in a sample of Bosnia and Herzegovina subjects who referred to an electromyography lab. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study included 316 lower limbs from 171 subjects referred for electrodiagnostic studies to Electromyography Lab, Department of Neurology, University Clinical Center Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (102 females/60% and 69/40%) males). Motor nerve conduction studies for the peroneal nerve and ADPN were done. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) of deep peroneal nerve (DPN) were measured by using EMG machine by stimulating DPN at knee, ankle and lateral malleolus areas accordingly, with recording from extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) muscle. Results: ADPN was found in 46 (14.5%) of 316 legs. ADPN was found in 18 (39.1%) right lower limbs and 28 (60.9%) left lower limbs. Ten subjects (5.8%) had bilateral ADPN. There was no statistically significant difference between the occurrence of ADPN in women versus men (p=0.757), as well as in right versus left legs (p=0.237). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that ADPN prevalence, in a sample of Bosnia and Herzegovina subjects who referred to an electromyography lab is 14.5%. Recognition of ADPN is very important for proper interpretation of lower limbs electrophysiological data.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of daily transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (TTNS) versus weekly percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) on the quality of life of patients with idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. The diagnosis of OAB was made on the basis of clinical symptoms, and urodynamic tests were performed to check whether uncontrolled contractions of the derusor during bladder filling were responsible for the OAB symptoms. The tests used to assess symptoms and quality of life were Overactive Bladder Questionnaires (OAB-q) SF. The patients were divided into 2 groups of 30 patients each. The first group was treated with TTNS every day for 3 months and the second group with PTNS once a week, also for 3 months. RESULTS Stimulation with both TTNS and PTNS led to the reduction of all clinical symptoms of OAB and improved quality of life, with statistical significance (P<0.05) and with no side effects. When comparing these two groups, the improvement was statistically more significant in the group treated with PTNS. When the quality of life scores and symptoms were compared to the type of treatment, it was found that the improved quality of life parameters and the reduced OAB symptoms were more statistically significant in the treatment with PTNS than TTNS therapy (P<0.001). CONCLUSION The results of the study suggest good efficacy of both TTNS and PTNS in the treatment of OAB. Better effects are achieved with weekly PTNS, as it leads to a statistically significant reduction in symptoms as well as an improvement in quality of life, without side effects.

While the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread globally, with relistic hope that will be solved with adequate vacination, more and more evidences are collected about the presence of psychi-atric and neurological manifestations and symptoms associated with this diseas. Neurological manifestations, are part of the COVID-19 clinical picture, but questions remain regarding the frequency and severity of centra nervous system symptoms, the mechanism of action underlying neurological symptoms, and the relationship of symptoms with the course and severity of COVID-19. The review of the so far published papers shows that although more and more papers are reporting neuro-logical and psyhiatric manifestations associated with COVID-19, many items remain unclear. The long-term psychological implications of this infectious diseases should not be ignored. In this paper, we aim to present a some of psychological consequences and neurological disorders associat-ed with the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and to emphasize the need a global action that requires close coordination and open-data sharing between hospitals, academic and public health institutions and the fast establishment of harmonised research priorities to face acut and long-term the neurological and psychological consequences.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant different consequences for everyday life of every human being, as well as on the functioning of health, educational and scientific institutions. Objective: The aim of this article is to provide information on impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on scientific research in the biomedical sciences, and publications, as wll as impact on education in medcine and clinical training. Methods: Papers published of influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the main aim were searched and analyzed. Results: Many basic research labs quickly tuned their priorities and continud to study different aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Biomedical sciences have become an important area in the fight against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, due to the unique challenges posed by the pandemic, including epidemiological aspects, immune mechanisms of the disease, clinical parameters of this essentially multisystem disease, virus properties, infection mechanisms, and later work on finding vaccines and everything that is needed. There are several studies that point to the negative impact of the pandemic on biomedical education, especially in the acquisition of practical clinical skills among medical students. The negative impact, both on basic education in medicine, and also on the acquisition of practical knowledge within various clinical disciplines, especially surgery, unfortunately continues. The COVID-19 pandemic has mobilised researchers worldwide on a scale and timeframe that have never been seen before for one specific disease. The number of COVID-19 manuscripts being submitted for peer review has also greatly increased. Unfortunately, research and publications on COVID-19 has so far often not been of high quality and many unprinted preprints have been rushed to spread without sufficient oversight. The time between submission and publication of articles on COVID-19 has decreased on average by around 50%. This analysis also showed that the time to publication for research not related to COVID-19 has remained unaffected, and that the number of research articles unrelated to COVID-19 has dropped considerably, with COVID-19 predominating in receipt of funding and attention from the research community. Conclusion: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education and scientific research in biomedical sciences are negative. Almost all aspects of medical education were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The negative impact, both on basic education in medicine, and also on the acquisition of practical knowledge within various clinical disciplines, especially surgery, unfortunately continues. There has been no disease in the history of medicine about which several professional and scientific articles have been written in a relatively short time. Research and publications on COVID-19 has often not been of high quality. Research articles from many medical field unrelated to COVID-19 were less published. A pandemic with a "paperdemic" will be even more complicated to manage if it progresses in an uncontrolled manner and is not properly scrutinized.