Received 21 February 2013 Revised form 25 February 2013 Accepted 27 February 2013 Available online 25 March 2013 The field experiment of liming (0 and 10 t ha-1 of powdered hydrated lime) and phosphorus fertilization (monoammonium phosphate or MAP: 12% N + 52% P2O5) were conducted on Mahovljani acid soil in November 2008. The rates of P on basic fertilization were as follows: 0, 500, 1000 and 1500 kg P2O5 ha-1. Basic plots of liming and P fertilization were 640 m2 and 40 m2, respectively. The average yield of maize grain was 8.03 t ha-1. The yield of maize was increased by liming 32% (3-year averages: 6.90 and 9.12 t ha-1, for the control and liming, respectively) with differences of liming effects among the years by 18% to 47%. The differences of yields were nonn-significant among three rates of P applications, while increases of yields were 5% (2009), 6 % (2010) and 18% (2011) respectively by comparing these treatments with the control. Protein and oil contents were independent on liming and P fertilization in maize grain, while effects of these treatments on starch contents found only in 2009 growing season: as affected by liming starch contents were increased by 1.3%, while P fertilization resulted by decreases of starch contents by 0.9%. 2013 KnowledgesPublisher Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The field experiment was conducted on calcaric soil of Knespolje area (Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina). By preliminary soil test (autumn 2003) were found values as follows: pH in KCl = 6.84 ; humus = 4.24 % ; NH4-Acetate + EDTA (pH 4.65) extractable P and Ca = 10 and 22559 mg kg-1. Four rates of P fertilization were applied (May 7, 2004) as follows: a) ordinary fertilization (kg ha-1: 200 N + 80 P2O5 + 120 K2O) ; b) a + 500 kg P2O5 ; c) a + 1000 kg P2O5 ; and d) a + 1500 kg P2O5. The triplephoshate enriched with sulphur and zinc (45% P2O5 + 1, 2% S + 0, 06% Zn) was used for increased P fertilization. Maize hybrids Bc5984 and OsSK494 (2004 and 2005, respectively) were grown on the experimental plot. In the next year, residual effects of P fertilization were tested and the experiment fertilized uniformly (kg ha-1: 200 N + 80 P2O5 + 120 K2O). The ear-leaf of maize was taken at beginning of silking (25 leaves in the mean sample: total 16 samples). The total amount of the elements in the leaf samples was measured by the ICP-AES technique after their microwave digestion using concentrated HNO3+H2O2. Applied fertilization resulted by increases of grain yield up to up to 32% and 17% compared to the control, for 2004 and 2005, respectively. In our study, P fertilization significantly influenced on decreases of the leaf, Zn by 48% (45.2 and 23.7 Zn mg/kg, respectively), but only in the first year of testing. In the next year, residual influences of ameliorative P fertilization on Zn status in corn leaves were not found. However, Zn status in corn grain were independent on P fertilization for 2004, but in the next year Zn contents for ameliorative P treatments were reduced for near 40% (31.3 and 17.4 Zn mg/kg). compared to the control.

Soil acidity and problems associated with it (elemental toxicities and deficiencies, primarily an inadequate level of phosphorus) are in many cases limiting factor of crops yield in Croatia The aim of this study was testing the impact of liming with carbocalk (waste of sugar beet factory with total Ca contents about 340 g kg-1) on the nutritional status of soil surface layer on a stagnic albeluvisol. Liming treatments were as follows: 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 t ha-1. Increasing rates of carbocalk gradually raised soil pH value and that effect was significant at all treatments in the fourth year after liming. Overall, increased soil pH had the positive impact on phosphorus availability, whilst the micronutrients solubility mostly was reduced. Due to antagonism with Ca-ions, whose contents were considerably increased, potassium availability were declined, but that effect were significant only at the higher liming rates. As regards Fe, Al and Zn status, there weren’ t notable differences among liming treatments. It can be concluded, that the most positive effect on nutritional status of investigated stagnic albeluvisol had the carbocalk rates of 30 and 45 t ha-1, while the higher rates led to nutrient unbalances.

The field experiment with four rates of phosphorus (P) fertilization was conducted in spring of 2004 with treatments as follows: a) ordinary fertilization (kg/ha: 200 N + 80 P 2 O 5 + 120 K 2 O); b) a + 500 kg P 2 O 5 ; c) a + 1000 kg P 2 O 5 ; and d) a + 1500 kg P 2 O 5 . The triplephoshate enriched with sulphur and zinc (45% P 2 O 5 + 1,2% S + 0,06% Zn) was used as a source of P. Maize (Bc5984 and OsSK494 hybrids, for the growing season 2004 and 2005, respectively) was grown on the experimental plot. P fertilization significantly influenced on decreases of the leaf Mg by 38%, Mn by 30%, Zn by 48% and Mo by 53% compared to the control (mg kg −1 on the control: 1526 Mg, 44.3 Mn, 45.2 Zn, 2.62 Mo) and increases of the leaf Sr by 31% and Cd by 84% (mg kg −1 on the control: 62.3 Sr and 0.25 Cd), while differences of the remaining measurable elements (P, K, S, Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr, B, Ba, Na, and Al) were nonsignificant. Also, the leaf As, Hg and Se concentrations were under detectable levels of the method. In gene...

The field experiment with four rates of phosphorus (P) fertilization was conducted in spring of 2004 with treatments as follows: a) ordinary fertilization (kg/ha: 200 N + 80 P_2O_5 + 120 K_2O) ; b) a + 500 kg P_2O_5 ; c) a + 1000 kg P_2O_5 ; and d) a + 1500 kg P_2_O5. The triplephoshate enriched with sulphur and zinc (45% P_2O_5 + 1, 2% S + 0, 06% Zn) was used as a source of P. Maize (Bc5984 and OsSK494 hybrids, for the growing season 2004 and 2005, respectively) was grown on the experimental plot. For the 2005 growing season, only ordinary fertilization was applied. As affected by applied fertilization maize grain yields increased up to 32% and 17% compared to the control, for 2004 and 2005, respectively. Both tested growing seasons were favorable for maize growing. Excess of precipitation was main characteristics of weather conditions during the 2005 growing season. Maize maturity under these conditions was delayed about twenty days in comparison to the normal year.

Growth retardation at early growth stage and chlorosis typical for P deficiency has been found in maize plants grown on some soils in the northern Bosnia. As chlorotic and normal plants grown on same plots, comparative analyses of chemical composition of aerial part of maize were made. In these preliminary investigations dry matter yield and P concentration of chlorotic plants were very significantly lower, while the Al and Fe concentration were higher as compared to non-chlorotic plants. Mainly low status of mobile P was found by soil testing. As affected by liming of Brcko state farm soil, yield of wheat was significantly increased 0.3 t/ha or 5% only, while yield of maize was similar to the control, although of improved P status in plants (ear-leaf of maize and flag-leaf of wheat). Low or absence effects of liming in USA were found mainly when low pH is not accompanied with high levels of mobile Al and Fe in soil. Under influences of P fertilization in Knespolje area, maize yields were increased up to 32% and 17% compared to the control, for 2004 and 2005, respectively. Also, there were tendency for increases protein and oil contents.

The field experiment with four rates of phosphorus (P) fertilization was conducted in spring of 2004 with treatments as follows: a) ordinary fertilization (kg/ha: 200 N + 80 P2O5 + 120 K2O) ; b) a + 500 kg P2O5 ; c) a + 1000 kg P2O5 ; and d) a + 1500 kg P2O5. The triplephoshate enriched with sulphur and zinc (45% P2O5 + 1, 2% S + 0, 06% Zn) was used as a source of P. Maize (hybrid Bc5984) was sown in term May 8, 2004. Theoretical plant density was 63493 plants/ha. As affected by applied fertilization maize grain yields increased up to 32% compared to the control. Differences of yields between the control and three rates of P were very significant. We presume that response of crops to P fertilization will be continued because applied rates are up to 10 times higher in comparison with annual needs of the field crops.

Poljski ogledi koji su ukljucivali cetiri nivao đubrenja fosforom postavljeni su na dvije lokacije, Brekinja kod Kozarske Dubice i Romanovcima kod Gradiske. Tretmani đubrenja fosforom bili su sljedeci: a)standardno đubrenje (kg/ha: 200 N + 80 P2O5 + 120 K2O) ; b) a + 500 kg P2O5, c) a + 1000 kg P2O5, d) a + 1500 kg P2O5. Kukuruz je posijan 5. maja (Romanovci) odnosno 8. maja (Brekinja) 2004. Usljed fosfornog đubrenja je prinos kukuruza u Brekinji povecan do 32% u odnosu na kontrolu. Međutim u Romanovcima je prinos smanjen. Objasnjenje bi moglo biti u cinjenici da je oglednu parcelu zahvatio 29. jula grad (ledotuca). Kukuruz đubren fosforom bio je napredniji u razvoju (pred metlicenje) i pretrpio je vece stete od manje razvijenog kukuruza na kontroli.

The aim of the study is to present the elements which must be considered while determining the risk of the mobility of the herbicides. Herbicides used for maize production have the special eco toxical significance and special risk because some are potentially mobile, they are used on the large surfaces during the rainy period and near rivers. Behaviour of the herbicides in the environment, particularly in the soil is very complex. It does not depend only on the characteristics of the herbicide, but on the many factors of the environment which are very variable. Regardless of this fact, there are experimentally determined physical-chemical indicators for each herbicide that show the possible behaviour of herbicides in the environment. Studied physical-chemical indicators of herbicide behavior are: Distribution Coefficient (Kd); Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc); Time of the Semi-Decomposition (DT50); Water Solubility (S); Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS); Henry's Law Constant (Kh), Vapor Pressure (PV) and the Dissociation Constant (pKa). Namely, herbicides, in larger or smaller measure, have “leaching potential“, which is ability to reach the underground water. One of the basic criteria for evaluating the herbicide ability to reach the underground water is related to indicators of mobility and persistency (DT50) herbicides, but neglecting some other criteria in that evaluation such as the amount of applying, characteristics of the soil and the aim of the crop growth. According to the EPA criteria, for the herbicides used in maize production in Bosnia 1 University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Agriculture, Student city, Bulevar vojvode Petra Bojovića 1A, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 University of Banja Luka, Faculty od Sciences, Mladena Stojanovica 2, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina *Corresponding author: sinisa.mitric@agrofabl.org Siniša Mitrić, Mihajlo Marković, Mladen Babić, Milan Šipka, Dušica Pešević, Duško Dragičević 298 and Herzegovina (BiH), the “trigger“ value will indirectly indicate if the herbicides have large leaching potential.