UDK 631.427.1(497.6) This paper studied the number of physiological and systematic groups of microorganisms in rekultisol under the different cultures at Stanari Coal Mine, and in variants of rekultisol where mineral fertilization and calcification were applied and in variants of rekultisol where only mineral fertilization was applied. The trial was set in the field conditions at the location of the internal part of overburden deposition site, near open pit Raskovac which is the part of Stanari coal mine. Mineral fertilizers were used as starter fertilizer and supplementary nutrition in the amount of 100-140 kg/ha of N and 40-60 kg/ha P2O5 and K2O and calcification was completed by adding 4 t/ha CaCO3. Microbiological analysis of the rekultisol determined the total number of bacteria, Azotobacter sp., ammonifiers, oligonitrophyls, actinomycetes and fungi. The aim of the research is to determine microbiological properties of rekultisol under small grains, potatoes, and grass-clover mixture at “Stanari” coal mine as well as to determine the effect of mineral fertilizers and calcification on the number of microorganisms in the rekultisol under different cultures. The total number of bacteria, oligonitrophyls, sporogenic ammonifiers, Azotobacter sp. and actinomycetes was higher in rekultisol under all of the tested cultures in the variant fertilizers + CaCO3 comparing to the variant without CaCO3, while the number of ammonifiers and fungi in rekultisol under all of the tested cultures was higher in the variant without CaCO3 in relation to the variant mineral fertilizers + CaCO3. In rekultisol under grass-clover mixture, higher total number of bacteria, oligonitrophyls and fungi was recorded in both tested variants, in relation to their number in rekultisol under potatoes and small grains. The number of actinomycetes was higher in rekultisol under potato in both variants, in relation to the number of actinomycetes in rekultisol under small grains and grass clover mixture. In rekultisol under small grains in variant mineral fertilizers + CaCO3 number of ammonifiers was the lowest (182 x 104g-1 absolutely dry soil), while the highest number of ammonifiers was recorded in rekultisol under grass-clover mixture in the variant without CaCO3 (1778 x 104g-1 absolutely dry soil). Azotobacter sp. count was lowest in rekultisol under grass clover variant without CaCO3 (68 x 102g-1 absolutely dry soil), while the highest Azotobacter sp. count was recorded in rekultisol under small grains in the variant with fertilizers + CaCO3 (123 x 102g-1 absolutely dry soil).

UDK 631.41(497.6) The research was conducted on deposol and rekultisol (technosols) in lignite mine Stanari. The main task of the formed grasslands is to improve the mechanical, chemical and biological properties of the rekultisol and deposol in the reclamation process. The fertility of Stanari deposol is extremely low in comparison to the natural soil. Grassland seeding through direct type of reclamation was conducted in 2008, 2011 and 2012 year. The conducted researches include the changes in the adsorption complex in the surface layer of the treated deposol in the reclamation process. Laboratory analysis of this technogenic soil were carried out before the reclamation and sowing started, and then in the process of reclamation at the end of 2012. On the experimental plots where reclamation measures were implemented, there is a slight improvement in most of the chemical characteristics of the rekultisol. Adsorption capacity and saturation degree of base cations in rekultisol were increased. Proper selection of the agromeliorative and other measures is required in the reclamation process. Well based seeding grasslands contribute to the creation of quality rekultisol.

UDK 631.4:632.954; 633.1:632.954(497.6) The aim of the study is to present the elements which must be considered while determining the risk of the mobility of the herbicides. Herbicides used for maize production have the special eco toxical significance and special risk because some are potentially mobile, they are used on the large surfaces during the rainy period and near rivers. Behaviour of the herbicides in the environment, particularly in the soil is very complex. It does not depend only on the characteristics of the herbicide, but on the many factors of the environment which are very variable. Regardless of this fact, there are experimentally determined physical-chemical indicators for each herbicide that show the possible behaviour of herbicides in the environment. Studied physical-chemical indicators of herbicide behavior are: Distribution Coefficient (Kd); Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc); Time of the Semi-Decomposition (DT50); Water Solubility (S); Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS); Henry's Law Constant (Kh), Vapor Pressure (PV) and the Dissociation Constant (pKa). Namely, herbicides, in larger or smaller measure, have “leaching potential“, which is ability to reach the underground water. One of the basic criteria for evaluating the herbicide ability to reach the underground water is related to indicators of mobility and persistency (DT50) herbicides, but neglecting some other criteria in that evaluation such as the amount of applying, characteristics of the soil and the aim of the crop growth. According to the EPA criteria, for the herbicides used in maize production in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), the “trigger“ value will indirectly indicate if the herbicides have large leaching potential.

Surface mining, as a means of intensive exploitation of mineral raw materials and especially coal, is highly developed area of economy, therefore land degradation is intensive and leading to loss of the productive layer of soil. Biological reclamation of deposol should reduce the harmful consequences of exploitation. The number of systematic and physiological groups of microorganisms and their activities provide correlative infor­mation on the biological activity of the soil. In 2011, at the overburden disposal site in Stanari coal mine, the sowing of grass-clover mixture in previously treated deposol was carried out. The aim of the research is to the deposol biological activity in the process of biological reclamation based on the distribution of certain groups of microorganisms and dehydrogenase activity. General microbial activity in deposol in the process of reclamation is determined by the total number of bacteria, azotobacters, ammonifiers, oligonitrophyls, actinomycetes and fungi and the activity of the enzyme dehydrogenase.The research results indicated a greater abundance and deposol dehydrogenase activity in the process of biological reclamation compared to deposol (control).

Climate changes, especially precipitation and temperature regimes, have often adverse influences on field crop yields. Based on 5-year data maize for grain is main field crop in Croatia (302 406 ha) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H: 189 557 ha) and covering 34% (Croatia) and 42% (B&H) of used (882 752 ha and 447 181 ha, respectively) arable lands. The harvested areas of maize among years are mainly similar, while yield variation is considerable and in range from 4.3 t/ha to 8.0 t/ha (Croatia) and from 3.75 t/ha to 5.12 t/ha (B&H). The lower precipitation and the higher air temperatures, particularly in July and August, are in close connection with the lower yields. In both countries the lowest maize yields were realized in 2012 (4.30 and 2.90 t/ha in Croatia and B&H, respectively) and they were lower for 48% (Croatia) and 40% (B&H) than in 2008. Precipitation and mean air temperature in July + August of 2012 in Osijek were 52 mm and 24.5 oC (average 1961-1990: 123 mm and 20.7 oC), while in 2008 these values were 145 mm and 21.8 oC. The data for Tuzla (average 1961-1990: 138 mm and 22.4 oC) were 8 mm and 23.5 oC (2012), 156 mm and 20.8 oC (2008). The western parts of both countries had the higher precipitation and the lower air temperatures (July + August 1961-1990: 178 mm and 19.7oC in Zagreb, 159 and 21.5 oC in Banja Luka) and this trend was found also in the 2008-2012 period

Abstract This research was carried out in the locality of Dubljani in Popovo Polje, which is one of a series of typical Dinaric karstic poljes situated within the Mediterranean part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Previous research has shown that the Mediterranean part of Bosnia and Herzegovina has the largest surplus and deficit of water at the same time. Because of this, we wanted to explore how much of the water goes to drainage runoff, and then how slope affects the surface runoff. The ultimate goal was to find a way to conserve water and prevent erosion in these natural conditions. Precipitation, drainage runoff, surface runoff and soil erosion were measured at the agro-hydrological station during the experimental period with the goal of understanding the problem of water erosion intensity. In order to study the relationship between precipitation and drainage runoff, six lysimeters with different soil depths were installed (1.3 m, 1.0 m, 0.5 m, 0.3 m and one karst simulation). In addition, six metal cassettes were set up and filled with the same soil used by the lysimeters to simulate inclinations of 1, 5 and 10%, involving both bare and grass-covered soil (Lolium perenne L., Poa pratensis L., Festuca rubra var. fallax Thuill., Dactylis glomerata L., Trifolium repens L., Trifolium pratense L.), and the total water runoff and soil erosion were monitored. The results indicate large differences in the agro-hydrological budget between bare rocky soil and loamy-clayey soils of different depths. The drainage runoff coefficient during the first year ranged from 0.33 in deep soil to 0.50 in shallow soil, while in the second year it ranged from 0.38 to 0.58. The results of the drainage runoff coefficient for the bare karst was higher than 0.70 during both years. The results of the measurement of the total surface runoff and soil erosion indicate that the impact of inclination can be mitigated by grass cover. The surface runoff measurements during the 2 years for both bare and covered soil at the same inclinations show a reduction in the surface runoff from 32 to 86%. The reduction of erosion in covered soil compared to bare soil ranged from 55 to 75%in the first year, while in the second year, erosion in the covered soil was almost completely stopped (a reduction of > 95%). This study shows a huge impact of soil cover on the agrohydrological budget where runoff potential increases with soil depth. Moreover, the results confirm the role of vegetation role in reducing runoff and soil erosion, which is important for better conservation of moisture in the soil. In future research, attention should be paid to the seasonal character of erosional processes.

Maize is the main field crop on arable land in Croatia, Serbia, Hungary and Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). In the period 2006-2010 total of 2 854506 ha (5-y mean) of arable lands in this area was covered by maize. Annual maize yield variations were from 3.6 to 7.5 t ha-1 (Hungary), from 3.2 to 5.9 t ha-1 (Serbia), from 4.9 to 8.0 t ha-1 (Croatia) and from 3.2 to 5.1 t ha-1 (B&H). The aim of this study was testing the 2010 and 2012 growing seasons for maize in terms of weather characteristics. Maize yields in 2012 (4.34 t ha-1 in Croatia, 3.98 t ha-1 in Hungary 2.78 t ha-1 in Serbia and 2.74 t ha-1 and in B&H were lower than in especially favorable 2010 by 53%, 38%, 38% and 40% respectively.

The objective of this research work was to explore the scope, structure and quality of production and use of domestic wheat in the RS. The subject of the research was to determine the production of wheat in the Republic of Srpska, the needs for seed wheat, determine the amount imported, and to identify measures to increase domestic production of seed wheat and to reduce imports. The analysis of commercial wheat production in the period 2006-2010 showed that the production took place in the average area of ​​44,017.6 ha, with an average yield of 3.28 t/ha and total production of 145,591 t. The highest level of wheat production was recorded in 2007 when it was 172,481 t, and a minimum production was in 2010 when it was 84,647 t. In the Republic of Srpska in 2010, the area under wheat amounted to 33,641 ha, which required about 8,410 tonnes of wheat seed, and only 4.27% of the quantities of seed wheat needed for the RS market were produced in the RS, the rest came from imports. According to the Indirect Taxation Administration data, the Republic of Srpska imported 125 t of wheat seed in 2009. The quantities of imported wheat vary considerably from year to year and are influenced by the weather in the sowing season and the prices on the market. Analysis of seed wheat in period 2006-2010 showed that the seed wheat occupied an average area of ​​128.8 ha, with the average yield of 4.06 t/ha and the total average production of 514.2 tonnes. The highest production was recorded in 2008 when it was 656.25 tonnes, and the lowest in 2010, 359.4 tonnes. Demand for wheat seed of the Republic of Srpska, based on five-year average, amounts to 13,205 tonnes, in which the domestic production share is 514 tonnes or 3.9%. The value of domestic wheat seed production in this period was BAM 393,616, and the value of missing quantities of seeds that are imported is BAM 9,824,152, based on the domestic price.

In the decade from 2000 to 2009, the yield of maize grain in Croatia varied from 4.2 t ha−1 (2003) to 8.0 t ha−1 (2008). The yield variation was mainly caused by weather conditions unfavourable for maize production, meaning lack of precipitation, unevenly distributed during the vegetation season, and mean air temperatures above the long-term mean. Irrigation has become a justified and essential agrotechnical measure that minimizes the damage caused by water deficit during critical plant growth stages and ensures high yields with good quality. In this paper two vegetation seasons (2006 and 2007) with quite different weather conditions for maize production were analysed in order to examine the importance of irrigation in terms of yield increase, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), irrigation efficiency (IE) and irrigation water use index (IWUI) in years favourable (2006) or too dry (2007) for maize production. The yield surpluses achieved with irrigation ranged from 8.54 t ha−1 to 9.62 t ha−1 in the ave...

INTRODUCTION Acid reaction and nutritional unbalances, mainly low level of plant available phosphorus (P) as well as unfavorable physical properties are limiting factor of soil fertility in Bosnia (Okiljevic et al., 1997; Resulovic and Custovic, 2002). It is estimated that about 25% of agricultural land of Bosnia and Herzegovina are pseudogley or similar soils (Markovic and Supic, 2003). P as a limiting factor of the field crop yield under conditions of the northwern Bosnia was object of survey article Markovic et al. (2006). Liming and increased fertilization (mainly with P) are usually recommendations for these soils improvement (Kovacevic et al., 2004, Petosic et al., 2003, Komljenovic et al., 2006, 2008). Aim of this study was testing maize response to ameliorative P fertilization on acid hydromorphic soil in Bosnian Posavina (Sava river valley) area.

Na kiselom tlu (pH u 1n KCl = 4, 32) kod Kozarske Dubice (lokalitet Brekinja) postavljen je 14. marta 2008. poljski pokus kalcizacije hidratnim krecom (kalcit : 73% CaO + 2-3% MgO + 21% vezane vode ; proizvođac Kamen Sirac d.d., Sirac, Hrvatska) u kolicinama 0 (kontrola), 15 t/ha, 30 t/ha i 45 t/ha. Pokus je postavljen prostorno u dva ponavljanja (osnovna parcela 50 m2), a svako od njih podijeljeno je na dvije parcelice kako bi se dobilo cetiri ponavljanja. Kukuruz (hibrid OsSK444) posijan je 18. aprila 2008.g pneumatskom sijacicom na planirani sklop 51021 biljaka/ha. Za gnojidbu kukuruza unijeto je u tlo (kg/ha) predsjetveno 400 kg NPK 7:20:30 i 100 kg uree (46% N), a obavljena je i jedna prihrana u fazi 5-6 listova kukuruza primjenom 200 kg KAN-a (27% N + 4, 8% MgO). Tako je ukupan fond hraniva dodan gnojidbom iznosio (kg/ha) 128 N + 80 P2O5 i 120 K2O. Kukuruz je obran rucno 11. oktobra 2008. g. Sa svake parcelice je uzet list ispod klipa u fazi svilanja (12. 07. 2008.), te u zriobi obrano dva puta po po dva srednja reda dužine 9 m. Masa klipa je izvagana elektronskom vagom (d = 100 g). Randman (udjel zrna u masi klipa) i vlaga zrna određeni su iz prosjecnog uzorka od 10 klipova. Ukupno 16 prosjecnih uzoraka lista ispod Ovisno o kolicini primjenjenog kreca, prinosi kukuruza su povecani prema kontroli (ostvareni prinos 7, 79 t/ha) za 10% (tretman 15 t/ha), 17% (30 t/ha), odnosno za 24% (45 t/ha). Vlaga zrna u trenutku berbe kukuruza bila je prosjecno 21, 0% i slicna na svim tretmanima. Kalcizacijom su signifikantno povecane koncentracije N u listu s 1, 59% N (kontrola) do 2, 57 % N, zatim P s 0, 17 % P do 0, 24 % P, dok su koncentracije K bile neovisne o kalcizaciji. Na kontroli je evidentiran nedostatak N (1, 57 % N) i niska koncentracija P (0, 17 % P), dok su na tretmanima kalcizacije koncentracije N bile niske (prosjek 2, 38 % N), a P je presao prag niske opskrbljenosti (prosjek 0, 24 % P). Koncentracije K bile su na svim tretmanima relativno skromne (prosjek 1, 60 % K), ali ipak u rangu dovoljne opskrbljenosti ovim elementom (iznad 1, 5 % K). Kalcizacija se preporucuje kao korisna mjera za povecanje prinosa i boljeg iskoristenja dusika i fosfora iz tla.