The social significance and quality of every human activity are proportional to its usefulness to the social community. Science belongs to the very top of the processes and events in the history of humankind that strongly influenced the development of society, which over time transformed it and contributed to the common good. Science produced new knowledge that made it possible for billions of people to rise out of poverty, develop industrialization and mass communication, eradicate many dangerous diseases for humankind, and enable humans to leave their footprints on the moon. Science is a human activity that produces new knowledge presented through innovations, patents, and publications, aimed at solving the problems facing humanity. Read more in the PDF.

In the current study, we assessed the prevalence and molecular features of HER2-low phenotype in the apocrine carcinomas of the breast (ApoCa) and its relationship with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). A cohort of 64 well-characterized therapy-naïve ApoCa was used. The TIL distribution was assessed using the hematoxylin and eosin whole slide/scanned images following the international TILs working group recommendations. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed in a subset of HER2-low ApoCa. All patients were women, with a mean age of 62 years. Forty-three carcinomas were pure apocrine carcinoma (PAC; ER−/AR+), and the remaining 21 were classified as apocrine-like carcinomas (ALCs; ER+/−, AR+/−). HER2/neu was positive (score 3+ by IHC and/or amplified by FISH) in 20/43 (47%) PAC and 4/21 (19%) ALC. The prevalence of HER2-low expression (scores 1+ or 2+ without HER2 amplification) in ApoCa was 39% without significant differences between PAC and ALC (P ═ 0.14); however, the HER2-low phenotype was more prevalent in triple-negative PAC than in ALC (P < 0.001). Levels of TILs were low (≤10%) in 74% of ApoCa (median: 5%, range 0%–50%). TIL levels were significantly higher in ALC than in PAC (P ═ 0.02). HER2 status had no impact on TIL distribution (P ═ 0.45). The genomic profile of HER2-low ApoCa was similar to other subtypes of ApoCa. ApoCa has predominantly low TIL, particularly PAC. The prevalence of the HER2-low phenotype in ApoCa is high, which should have therapeutic and clinical implications given the recently approved therapies with antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) for HER2-low breast cancers.

Simple Summary Our study centers on refining the diagnosis of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), a unique subtype with distinct therapeutic implications compared to other lung cancers. Our primary goal is the identification of specific differentially expressed proteins in SCLC as opposed to healthy lung tissue. Additionally, we aim to discern the protein expression of SCLC from large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), a closely related entity. This research has the potential to enhance our understanding of these intricate lung cancers, potentially transforming the landscape of detection and tailored treatment strategies. Abstract The accurate diagnosis of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is crucial, as treatment strategies differ from those of other lung cancers. This systematic review aims to identify proteins differentially expressed in SCLC compared to normal lung tissue, evaluating their potential utility in diagnosing and prognosing the disease. Additionally, the study identifies proteins differentially expressed between SCLC and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), aiming to discover biomarkers distinguishing between these two subtypes of neuroendocrine lung cancers. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Studies reporting proteomics information and confirming SCLC and/or LCNEC through histopathological and/or cytopathological examination were included, while review articles, non-original articles, and studies based on animal samples or cell lines were excluded. The initial search yielded 1705 articles, and after deduplication and screening, 16 articles were deemed eligible. These studies revealed 117 unique proteins significantly differentially expressed in SCLC compared to normal lung tissue, along with 37 unique proteins differentially expressed between SCLC and LCNEC. In conclusion, this review highlights the potential of proteomics technology in identifying novel biomarkers for diagnosing SCLC, predicting its prognosis, and distinguishing it from LCNEC.

Simple Summary Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and highly aggressive type of skin neuroendocrine cancer that frequently recurs and metastasizes within a relatively short period. Despite rapid growth and characteristic skin color, MCC often goes undiagnosed in its early stage. Therefore, therapy is often initiated at the advanced stage, and selecting appropriate therapeutic interventions is critical. The emergence of novel immunotherapeutic agents, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), presents a promising treatment option for advanced MCC. Several biomarkers, such as PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI), showed significant potential as predictive biomarkers for treatment with ICI. Despite their predictive value, each has demonstrated limited value in MCC over recent years. Abstract Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is primarily a disease of the elderly Caucasian, with most cases occurring in individuals over 50. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) treatment has shown promising results in MCC patients. Although ~34% of MCC patients are expected to exhibit at least one of the predictive biomarkers (PD-L1, high tumor mutational burden/TMB-H/, and microsatellite instability), their clinical significance in MCC is not fully understood. PD-L1 expression has been variably described in MCC, but its predictive value has not been established yet. Our literature survey indicates conflicting results regarding the predictive value of TMB in ICI therapy for MCC. Avelumab therapy has shown promising results in Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV)-negative MCC patients with TMB-H, while pembrolizumab therapy has shown better response in patients with low TMB. A study evaluating neoadjuvant nivolumab therapy found no significant difference in treatment response between the tumor etiologies and TMB levels. In addition to ICI therapy, other treatments that induce apoptosis, such as milademetan, have demonstrated positive responses in MCPyV-positive MCC, with few somatic mutations and wild-type TP53. This review summarizes current knowledge and discusses emerging and potentially predictive biomarkers for MCC therapy with ICI.

The role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in immuno‐oncology has driven demand for technologies that deliver in situ, or spatial, molecular information. Compartmentalized heterogeneity that traditional methods miss is becoming key to predicting both acquired drug resistance to targeted therapies and patient response to immunotherapy. Here, we describe a novel method for assay‐agnostic spatial profiling and demonstrate its ability to detect immune microenvironment signatures in breast cancer patients that are unresolved by the immunohistochemical (IHC) assessment of programmed cell death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) on immune cells, which represents the only FDA microenvironment‐based companion diagnostic test that has been approved for triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). Two distinct physiological states were found that are uncorrelated to tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), PD‐L1 expression, and intrinsic cancer subtypes.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of mortality worldwide. The Food and Drug Administration recently designated pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) against a programmed death-1 receptor, as a breakthrough drug for the treatment of patients with mCRC whose tumors have deficient mismatch-repair gene expression (as evidenced by microsatellite instability-high) and patients with solid tumors with a high tumor mutational burden with ≥10 mutations/megabase. We present a patient with metastatic CRC having renal and adrenal gland metastases. Comprehensive molecular profiling performed on a site of metastatic CRC in the kidney revealed multiple genomic alterations characteristic of CRC and rare chromosome 9p24.1 amplification, resulting in a co-amplification of the PDL1, PDL2, and JAK2 genes. Although this genomic alteration may predict the response to ICI, the lack of pembrolizumab prevented the patient from receiving targeted treatment and succumbing to the disease.

Simple Summary Peptides are ubiquitous molecules abundantly found in nature, and their diverse functions and biological activities have been extensively examined over the years. In the past, in vitro and in vivo biological effects of flaxseed oil have been well-examined and reported in numerous studies. However, the effects of many individual components from the flaxseed are yet to be examined. Cyclolinopeptides (CLPs), one of the components, have gained significant attention due to their cyclic nature and hydrophobic properties. CLPs are isolated from flaxseed and typically consist of eight, nine, or ten amino acid residues. Experimental investigations into the biological activities of CLPs began in the 1980s and early 1990s, revealing their potential therapeutic applications. In recent years, particularly, there has been interest in examining the anticancer effect of CLPs. Diverse bioactivities and potential therapeutic CLPs aspects seek novel approaches and further investigation to maximize utility. Abstract Novel therapeutic agents to combat cancer is an active area of research, as current treatment options have limitations in efficacy and tolerability. One of these therapeutic agents in our immediate environment is cyclolinopeptides (CLPs). CLPs have several advantages that make them suitable for daily consumption and potential therapeutics in cancer research. They are natural compounds, having high specificity, low toxicity, low cost, and an overall simple extraction process. Over the years, numerous in vitro studies in cancer cells demonstrated CLPs to possess anti-proliferative, apoptotic, and anti-angiogenic effects, as well as the ability to induce cell cycle arrest and inhibit cancer cell growth in various cancer types, including breast cancer, gastric cancer, and melanoma. This paper provides an overview of the significance and potential of CLPs as therapeutic agents, emphasizing their promising role in cancer treatment based on different cancer cell lines. The mechanism of action of CLPs in cancer cells is multifaceted. It involves the modulation of multiple signaling pathways, including inhibition of protein kinases, modulation of apoptosis-related proteins, and regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy characterized by rapid proliferation, early dissemination, acquired therapy resistance, and poor prognosis. Early diagnosis of SCLC is crucial since most patients present with advanced/metastatic disease, limiting the potential for curative treatment. While SCLC exhibits initial responsiveness to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, treatment resistance commonly emerges, leading to a five-year overall survival rate of up to 10%. New effective biomarkers, early detection, and advancements in therapeutic strategies are crucial for improving survival rates and reducing the impact of this devastating disease. This review aims to comprehensively summarize current knowledge on diagnostic options, well-known and emerging biomarkers, and SCLC treatment strategies and discuss future perspectives on this aggressive malignancy.